Cellular immunotherapies for cancer

Abstract

Cancer is a major burden on the healthcare system, and new therapies are needed. Recently, the development of immunotherapies, which aim to boost or use the immune system, or its constituents, as a tool to fight malignant cells, has provided a major new tool in the arsenal of clinicians and has revolutionized the treatment of many cancers. Cellular immunotherapies are based on the administration of living cells to patients and have developed hugely, especially since 2010 when Sipuleucel-T (Provenge), a DC vaccine, was the first cellular immunotherapy to be approved by the FDA. The ensuing years have seen two further cellular immunotherapies gain FDA approval: tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) and axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta). This review will give an overview of the principles of immunotherapies before focusing on the major forms of cellular immunotherapies individually, T cell-based, natural killer (NK) cell-based and dendritic cell (DC)-based, as well as detailing some of the clinical trials relevant to each therapy.

Cells to the Rescue: Emerging Cell-Based Treatment Approaches for NMOSD and MOGAD

“…Autoimmune diseases with well-known target antigens, such as AQP4+ NMOSD and MOGAD, are good candidate diseases to investigate tolerance-inducing cell-based therapies, especially in an antigen-specific way. While next-generation cell-based therapies have entered the arena of cancer treatment [ 103 ], they are still in their infancy in the field of autoimmune diseases. Several challenges need to be solved to drive the field of tolerance-inducing cell-based therapies in NMOSD and MOGAD forward.…”

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 limits hepatic inflammatory cells recruitment and promotes bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis

“…Recruitment of immune cells, like DCs or T cells, is a crucial process for the initiation of inflammation, wound healing and hepatic fibrosis, as well 36 . As the principal antigen-presenting cells, DCs play a central role in adaptive and innate immunity, including capturing, processing and presenting antigenic material to T lymphocytes 37,38 . Meanwhile, it was reported that IDO1 was critically involved in inflammatory cells infiltration, including macrophages, DCs, T cells, etc.…”

Mesenchymal stem cell carriers enhance anti‑tumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy (Review)

“… MSC carriers enhance anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. ( 1 ) MSCs loaded with OVs. ( 2 ) MSCs provide a replication locale for OVs to produce more virus particles.…”

“…With the development of targeted therapies and cellular immunotherapies, such as T cell-based, natural killer (NK) cell-based and dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies, the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment has been greatly improved ( 1 ). However, the overall remission and survival rate of patients with certain tumors has not been fundamentally addressed.…”