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Protein-energy malnutrition is the primary cause of immune deficiency in children across the world. It has been related to changes in peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of infection and malnutrition on the proportion of peripheral-lymphocyte subsets in well-nourished non-bacterium-infected (WN), well-nourished bacterium-infected (WNI), and malnourished bacterium-infected (MNI) children by flow cytometry. A prospectively monitored cohort of 15 MNI, 12 WNI, and 17 WN children was studied. All the children were 3 years old or younger and had only bacterial infections. Results showed a significant decrease in the proportion of T CD3 ؉ (P < 0.05 for relative and P < 0.03 for absolute values), CD4 ؉ (P < 0.01 for relative and absolute values), and CD8 ؉ (P < 0.05 for relative values) lymphocyte subsets in WNI children compared to the results seen with WN children. Additionally, B lymphocytes in MNI children showed significant lower values (CD20 ؉ P < 0.02 for relative and P < 0.05 for absolute values) in relation to the results seen with WNI children. These results suggest that the decreased proportions of T-lymphocyte subsets observed in WNI children were associated with infection diseases and that the incapacity to increase the proportion of B lymphocyte was associated with malnutrition. This low proportion of B lymphocytes may be associated with the mechanisms involved in the immunodeficiency of malnourished children.Protein-energy malnutrition is a public health problem in developing countries. Around the world, each year 12 million children under 5 years old die due to the relationship between malnutrition and infectious diseases. Even if malnutrition is very extensive in developing countries, it is rarely considered one of the main mortality causes. However, recent studies indicated that malnutrition in developing countries is an associated death cause in the deaths of more than 50% of children (34). In community studies, a clear relationship between weight decrease and increase of mortality risk has been observed. Also, a solid and systematic relationship between malnutrition and a higher risk of respiratory and diarrhea infections have been detected (27). Several authors have pointed out that malnutrition is the primary cause of immunodeficiency in the world (8,12,32), and it has been related to changes in cellular immunity (8, 29) and changes in peripheral-lymphocyte subsets (mainly CD3 ϩ , CD4 ϩ , and CD8 ϩ ). Nevertheless, results of studies investigating this topic are controversial. In some studies an increase of lymphocyte proportion has been observed; meanwhile, other studies show a decrease in lymphocyte proportions (4,7,10). In a previous study Nájera et al. found no changes in lymphocyte T subsets when malnourished and well-nourished children with bacterial infections were compared (18). These controversial results may be associated with several factors, such as the methods used, the type and degree of malnutrition, and the infection type. For th...
Protein-energy malnutrition is the primary cause of immune deficiency in children across the world. It has been related to changes in peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of infection and malnutrition on the proportion of peripheral-lymphocyte subsets in well-nourished non-bacterium-infected (WN), well-nourished bacterium-infected (WNI), and malnourished bacterium-infected (MNI) children by flow cytometry. A prospectively monitored cohort of 15 MNI, 12 WNI, and 17 WN children was studied. All the children were 3 years old or younger and had only bacterial infections. Results showed a significant decrease in the proportion of T CD3 ؉ (P < 0.05 for relative and P < 0.03 for absolute values), CD4 ؉ (P < 0.01 for relative and absolute values), and CD8 ؉ (P < 0.05 for relative values) lymphocyte subsets in WNI children compared to the results seen with WN children. Additionally, B lymphocytes in MNI children showed significant lower values (CD20 ؉ P < 0.02 for relative and P < 0.05 for absolute values) in relation to the results seen with WNI children. These results suggest that the decreased proportions of T-lymphocyte subsets observed in WNI children were associated with infection diseases and that the incapacity to increase the proportion of B lymphocyte was associated with malnutrition. This low proportion of B lymphocytes may be associated with the mechanisms involved in the immunodeficiency of malnourished children.Protein-energy malnutrition is a public health problem in developing countries. Around the world, each year 12 million children under 5 years old die due to the relationship between malnutrition and infectious diseases. Even if malnutrition is very extensive in developing countries, it is rarely considered one of the main mortality causes. However, recent studies indicated that malnutrition in developing countries is an associated death cause in the deaths of more than 50% of children (34). In community studies, a clear relationship between weight decrease and increase of mortality risk has been observed. Also, a solid and systematic relationship between malnutrition and a higher risk of respiratory and diarrhea infections have been detected (27). Several authors have pointed out that malnutrition is the primary cause of immunodeficiency in the world (8,12,32), and it has been related to changes in cellular immunity (8, 29) and changes in peripheral-lymphocyte subsets (mainly CD3 ϩ , CD4 ϩ , and CD8 ϩ ). Nevertheless, results of studies investigating this topic are controversial. In some studies an increase of lymphocyte proportion has been observed; meanwhile, other studies show a decrease in lymphocyte proportions (4,7,10). In a previous study Nájera et al. found no changes in lymphocyte T subsets when malnourished and well-nourished children with bacterial infections were compared (18). These controversial results may be associated with several factors, such as the methods used, the type and degree of malnutrition, and the infection type. For th...
A 220-kDa surface protein (L220) with lectin activity from Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites has been characterized previously (J. L. Rosales-Encina, I. Meza, A. López-de-León, P. Talamás-Rohana, and M. Rojkind, J. Infect. Dis. 156:790-797, 1987). This molecule is involved in the adhesion process (I. Meza, F. Cázares, J. L. Rosales-Encina, P. Talamás-Rohana, and M. Rojkind, J. Infect. Dis. 156:798-805, 1987) and is very immunogenic. In this work, we studied both the humoral and the cellular immune responses to L220. We compared L220 with L220-derived components, such as a fusion peptide (M-11) and chemically obtained peptides (by treating the 220-kDa molecule with N-chlorosuccinimide-urea). Spleen cells from L220-immunized mice were unable to proliferate in vitro when stimulated with the protein. However, a proliferative response was obtained when mice were immunized with the L220-derived fusion peptide or the cleaved lectin. To find out if there was a correlation between the observed responses and TH1 or TH2 activation, we analyzed patterns of cytokine secretion (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-10, and gamma interferon). Cells from mice immunized with peptides that induced cell proliferation (100, 80, and 47 kDa) with the peptides (P < 0.01) and with the intact molecule secreted IL-2 and gamma interferon, showing a TH1-subset pattern. Conversely, cells from mice immunized with the intact 220-kDa molecule secreted IL-4 and IL-10, typical of a TH2 subpopulation; however, antibodies from each group recognized the 220-kDa molecule as determined by Western blotting (immunoblotting). These results suggest that various epitopes in the 220-kDa molecule generate different response patterns, suppressing or activating T-cell responses.
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