Cellular Immune Response to COVID-19 and Potential Immune Modulators

Zhou, Xi Kathy; Ye, Qing

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.646333

Cited by 57 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The severity of COVID-19 is mainly related to hosting factors, especially cellular immune responses in patients. Patients with mild COVID-19 and recovered patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit a normal humoral and a T cell-mediated immune response to effectively eliminate the virus ( 72 ). Vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 and induce a T cell response against the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Epidemic of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant, Key Spike Mutations and Immune Escape

et al. 2021

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and spread worldwide. The Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was first reported in India in October 2020 and was classified as a “variant of concern (VOC)” by the WHO on 11 May, 2021. Compared to the wild-type strain, several studies have shown that the Delta variant is more transmissible and has higher viral loads in infected samples. COVID-19 patients infected with the Delta variant have a higher risk of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality. The Delta variant is becoming the dominant strain in many countries around the world. This review summarizes and analyses the biological characteristics of key amino acid mutations, the epidemic characteristics, and the immune escape of the Delta variant. We hope to provide scientific reference for the monitoring and prevention measures of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and the development strategy of a second-generation vaccine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Epidemic of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant, Key Spike Mutations and Immune Escape

et al. 2021

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“…The emerging infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory symptom coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. COVID-19 has been characterized by lymphopenia and elevation pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially in severe cases and in the elderly population, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, and other symptoms that endanger health and survival (1)(2)(3). Although tens of thousands of scientists are working intensively on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, there is still no effective treatment for COVID-19 to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 Activates NF-κB Pathway by Upregulating SUMOylation of MAVS

Qiao

Qin

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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The COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. A large number of clinical studies found high-level expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which fuels the rapid development of the disease. However, the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we found that SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 can induce the expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-2 in Calu-3 and THP1 cells. Further research found that Nsp5 enhances cytokine expression through activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Subsequently, we investigated the upstream effectors of the NF-κB signal pathway on Nsp5 overexpression and discovered that Nsp5 increases the protein level of MAVS. Moreover, Nsp5 can promote the SUMOylation of MAVS to increase its stability and lead to increasing levels of MAVS protein, finally triggering activation of NF-κB signaling. The knockdown of MAVS and the inhibitor of SUMOylation treatment can attenuate Nsp5-mediated NF-κB activation and cytokine induction. We identified a novel role of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 to enhance cytokine production by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.

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“…The progression of COVID-19 symptoms depends heavily on the basic health condition of the person and the immune response provoked by the infection ( Shi et al, 2020 ). The severity of COVID-19 is largely linked with host factors, chiefly cellular immune responses in patients ( Zhou and Ye, 2021 ). Patients with mild COVID-19 and improved patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit a normal immune response to effectively exclude the virus and lastly recover to the preinfection stage ( Zhou and Ye, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The severity of COVID-19 is largely linked with host factors, chiefly cellular immune responses in patients ( Zhou and Ye, 2021 ). Patients with mild COVID-19 and improved patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit a normal immune response to effectively exclude the virus and lastly recover to the preinfection stage ( Zhou and Ye, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise Potential Favorable Effect Against COVID-19: The Role of Renin-Angiotensin System and Immunomodulatory Effects

2021

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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2, it has a strong interaction with the renin angiotensin system (RAS). Experimental studies have shown that the higher levels of ACE2 or increasing ACE2/ACE1 ratio improve COVID-19 outcomes through lowering inflammation and death. Aerobic moderate intensity physical exercise fights off infections by two mechanisms, the inhibition of ACE/Ang II/AT1-R pathway and the stimulation of ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/MasR axis. Exercise can also activate the anti-inflammatory response so that it can be a potential therapeutic strategy against COVID-19. Here, we summarize and focus the relation among COVID-19, RAS, and immune system and describe the potential effect of aerobic moderate intensity physical exercise against CoV as a useful complementary tool for providing immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, which is a novel intervention that requires further investigation.

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Cellular Immune Response to COVID-19 and Potential Immune Modulators

Cited by 57 publications

References 86 publications

The Global Epidemic of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant, Key Spike Mutations and Immune Escape

The Global Epidemic of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant, Key Spike Mutations and Immune Escape

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 Activates NF-κB Pathway by Upregulating SUMOylation of MAVS

Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise Potential Favorable Effect Against COVID-19: The Role of Renin-Angiotensin System and Immunomodulatory Effects

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