Cellular Defense Systems of the Porifera

Johnston, Ian; Hildemann, W. H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4166-6_2

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…We also observed that the sponges in formation released a great number of motile archeocytes toward the adjacent substrate (Fig. 4l), which in turn must act as phagocytes in the defense against pathogens and foreign body invasion during their development (Johnston and Hildemann 1982).…”

Section: S Alba Gemmules Require Calcium To Hatchmentioning

confidence: 68%

Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium

et al. 2020

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Marine ancestors of freshwater sponges had to undergo a series of physiological adaptations to colonize harsh and heterogeneous limnic environments. Besides reduced salinity, river-lake systems also have calcium concentrations far lower than seawater. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharide components of membrane-bound proteoglycans named aggregation factors. Cells of marine sponges require seawater average calcium concentration (10 mM) to sustain adhesion promoted by aggregation factors. We demonstrate here that the freshwater sponge Spongilla alba can thrive in a calcium-poor aquatic environment and that their cells are able to aggregate and form primmorphs with calcium concentrations 40-fold lower than that required by marine sponges cells. We also find that their gemmules need calcium and other micronutrients to hatch and generate new sponges. The sulfated polysaccharide purified from S. alba has sulfate content and molecular size notably lower than those from marine sponges. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that it is composed of a central backbone of non- and 2-sulfated α- and β-glucose units decorated with branches of α-glucose. Assessments with atomic force microscopy/single-molecule force spectroscopy show that S. alba glucan requires 10-fold less calcium than sulfated polysaccharides from marine sponges to self-interact efficiently. Such an ability to retain multicellular morphology with low environmental calcium must have been a crucial evolutionary step for freshwater sponges to successfully colonize inland waters.

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Section: S Alba Gemmules Require Calcium To Hatchmentioning

confidence: 68%

Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium

et al. 2020

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“…All animals are capable of the recognition, processing, and elimination of nonself by means of phagocytosis and wound healing. Even sponges (the most primitive multicellular creatures) contain phagocytes, which recognize infectious agents and participate in wound healing (Johnston & Heldemann, 1982). The most primitive phagocytes are amoebocytes, which can move throughout the invertebrate body by means of active migration or by passive transport via circulation with body fluids.…”

Section: Evolution Of the Immune And Stress Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition.

Maier¹,

Watkins²

1998

Psychological Review

1,013

688

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The brain and immune system form a bidirectional communication network in which the immune system operates as a diffuse sense organ, informing the brain about events in the body. This allows the activation of immune cells to produce physiological, behavioral, affective, and cognitive changes that are collectively called sickness, which function to promote recuperation. Fight-flight evolved later and coopted this immune-brain circuitry both because many of the needs of fight-flight were met by this circuitry and this cooptation allowed the immune system to respond to potential injury in anticipatory fashion. Many sequelae of exposure to stressors can be understood from this view and can take on the role of adaptive responses rather than pathological manifestations. Finally, it is argued that activation of immune-brain pathways is important for understanding diverse phenomena related to stress such as depression and suppression of specific immunity.

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“…Protection from infection is critical to sustain life, but protection from non-self invasion and overgrowth in the competition for space is, unlike in vertebrates, not an artifact of experimental systems (Buss, 1982;Buss & Shenk, 1990). Alloimmune-type recognition and specificity has been recorded in situ and successfully duplicated in laboratory conditions among tunicates (Urochordata) , reef building corals (Cnidaria) (Hildemann et a l , 1975;Hildemann et a l, 1977;Jokiel & Bigger, 1994), soft corals (Cnidaria) (Bigger & Runyan, 1979;Theodor, 1.970;Theodor, 1976;van Alstyne et a l, 1992), and sponges (Porifera) (Curtis et a l, 1982;Hildemann et a l, 1980;Johnston & Hildemann, 1982;Van De Vyver & Barbieux, 1983).…”

Section: Corals (Cnidarians) As Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Immunophylogenetic aspects of a Gorgonian coral

Dishaw¹

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Cellular Defense Systems of the Porifera

Cited by 7 publications

References 60 publications

Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium

Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium

Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition.

Immunophylogenetic aspects of a Gorgonian coral

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