Cellular Defense Systems of the Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Sipunculida, and Annelida

Valembois, P.; Roch, Philippe; Boiledieu, D.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4166-6_4

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…'Adaptive' cytokines, such as interferon-g, stimulate phagocytes to upregulate very old intracellular pathways of defense against parasites. It has not been shown yet, however, the killing mechanisms used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells are probably ancient pathways associated with cells having different recognition systems [28,29]. Of course it works the other way round as well.…”

Section: How Do We Decide What Is Innate and What Is Adaptive?mentioning

confidence: 96%

Evolution of innate and adaptive immunity: can we draw a line?

Flajnik¹,

Pasquier²

2004

Trends in Immunology

237

162

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Section: How Do We Decide What Is Innate and What Is Adaptive?mentioning

confidence: 96%

Evolution of innate and adaptive immunity: can we draw a line?

Flajnik¹,

Pasquier²

2004

Trends in Immunology

237

162

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“…The ubiquity of cell killing is evident in other reports which describe cytotoxic reactions in five different invertebrate phyla: Sipunculoidea (38,39]. Annelida [25,37], Mollusca [40]. Arthropoda [41] and Echinodermata [42], In cchinodcrms [42] and sipunctiioid worms, cytotoxicity can be elicited when allo-as well as xenogcneic haemocytes confront each other in vitro, whereas Wittkc & Renwrantz [40] and Decker et al [43] set up assays revealing cytotoxic responses when using mammalian erythrocytes as target cells.…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Investigations of enzyme activity assume that a phospholipase derived from leucocyte killers provokes the lysis of target cell membranes [25]. All such cells can respond to a particular pattern.…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After harvesting coelomocytes and filtering them on a nylon wool column, chloragocytes and large macrophage-like cells adhered to nylon fibres. The only active cells which passed through the columns were small, nonadhcrcnt leucocytes which were cytotoxic [25], More recently. Suzuki and Cooper have shown that coelomocytes of the earthworms Eisenia fetida :tnd Lumbricu.s terrestris demonstrated significant spontaneous cytotoxicity against allogeneic and xenogcneic target cells (manuscript in preparation).…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invertebrate Immunity: Another Viewpoint

et al. 1992

Self Cite

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All vertebrates and invertebrates manifest self/non-self recognition. Any attempt to answer the question of adaptive significance of recognition must take into account the universality of receptor-mediated responses. These may take two forms: (1) rearranging, clonally distributed antigen-specific receptors that distinguish in the broadest sense between self and non-self, and non-self A from non-self B, latecomers on the evolutionary scene; (2) pattern recognition receptors, the earliest to evolve and still around, necessitating the requirement for induced second signals in T- and B-cell activation. Either strategy need not force upon invertebrates the organization, structure and adaptive functions of vertebrate immune systems. Thus, we can freely delve into the unique aspects of the primitive immune mechanisms of invertebrates. In contrast, using the opposite strategy which is still problematic, i.e. linking invertebrate and vertebrate defence, seems to give us an approach to universality that might eventually reveal homologous kinship.

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“…ALLOGENEIC RECOGNITION Poikilothermic or ectothermic vertebrates (e.g., fish and amphibians) and other invertebrates possess natural cytotoxic cells (Cammarata et al, 1997;Cooper, 1981;Cooper et al, , 1996Decker et al, 1981;Evans et al, 1992;Evans and Cooper, 1990;Faisal et al, 1989a,b;1990a,b;Franceschi et al, 1991;Ghoneum et al, 1987aGhoneum et al, ,b,1990aGhoneum and Cooper 1987;Kelly et al, 1992;Klempau and Cooper, 1984;Luquet and LeClerc, 1983;Parrinello, 1996;Parrinello et al, 1990;Parrinello and Rindone, 1980;Peddie and Smith, 1993;Sadek et al, 1987a,b;Smith et al, 1988;Söderhä ll et al, 1985;Tyson and Jenkin, 1974;Valembois et al, 1980Valembois et al, , 1982Wittke and Renwrantz, 1984). It is possible to affect the level of cytotoxicity by modifying target cell surfaces, which presumably changes antigenicity.…”

Section: Cell Surface Receptors Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell adhesion and the immune system: a case study using earthworms

Cooper

Cossarizza

Kauschke

et al. 1999

Microsc. Res. Tech.

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In the earthworm's immune system, cell adhesion, which occurs by putative receptors on leukocytes, is essential after recognition of self vs. non‐self. Confrontation with foreign antigens is a normal event in the environment, replete with microbial pathogens that pose a threat to survival. To better understand what happens when an effector cell first recognizes a foreign target followed by its adhesion to it, isolated leukocytes, in sufficient quantities to be subjected to various analyses, have been extremely beneficial. In vitro approaches when accompanied by biochemical, immunological, and molecular technologies, have opened up new vistas concerning the immune response of earthworms and other invertebrates. The most recent discovery includes the preliminary identification of cell differentiation (CD) markers that play vital roles in recognitive and adhesive events. Certain leukocyte effectors show characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells that may act differently depending upon their source, whether autogeneic, allogeneic, xenogeneic, or expressed under normal or varying environmental conditions including exposure to xenobiotics. At the level of earthworm evolution, there is apparently a dissociation of phagocytosis from the process of killing by NK‐like effectors. There are at least three future challenges. First, it is essential to determine the precise nature of the CD markers with respect to their molecular structure. Second, once their molecular and biochemical characteristics have been defined, the role of these markers in cellular and humoral mechanisms must be clarified in order to define effector cell products and resulting immune responses. Third, there is a need to differentiate between the several lytic factors that have been found in earthworms with respect to molecular structure, and biochemical and functional characterization. Microsc. Res. Tech. 44:237–253, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Cellular Defense Systems of the Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Sipunculida, and Annelida

Cited by 6 publications

References 87 publications

Evolution of innate and adaptive immunity: can we draw a line?

Evolution of innate and adaptive immunity: can we draw a line?

Invertebrate Immunity: Another Viewpoint

Cell adhesion and the immune system: a case study using earthworms

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