Cellular and oxidative stress responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to chlorpromazine: implications of an antipsychotic drug exposure study

Abstract

Introduction: Bivalve molluscs like Mytilus galloprovincialis are valuable bioindicators due to their filter-feeding lifestyle, wide distribution, and ability to concentrate xenobiotics. Studying the effects of pharmaceuticals on these molluscs is crucial given their presence in surface waters. This study investigated the response of M. galloprovincialis to chlorpromazine (Cpz), an antipsychotic with antiviral activity against influenza, HIV, and coronaviruses in human cells.Methods: In this study, we examined the 14-day impact of chlorpromazine (Cpz) on the model species M. galloprovincialis at two concentrations (Cpz 1: 12 ng L-1 or 37 pM; Cpz 2: 12 µg L-1 or 37 nM). To ensure controlled exposure, a stock solution of Cpz was prepared and introduced into the tanks to match the intended concentrations. Seawater and stock solutions were refreshed every 48 h. The primary focus of this study centered on evaluating cell viability, cell volume regulation, and oxidative stress indicators.Results: Although cell volume regulation, as assessed by decreasing regulatory volume Regulation volume decrease, did not show statistically significant changes during the experiment, digestive cell viability, on the other hand, showed a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the Cpz 2 group, suggesting effects on the general health and survival of these cells. Biochemically, in both Cpz 1 and Cpz 2, superoxide dismutase activity increased, while catalase (CAT) decreased, causing an elevated lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyls, particularly in the Cpz 2 group. The level of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased in both exposures, whereas the level of GSSG increased only in the Cpz 1 group. Consequently, the GSH/GSSG ratio was elevated in the Cpz 2 group only.Discussion: A comparison of the magnitudes of anti- and pro-oxidative manifestations indicated a pro-oxidative shift in both exposures. These findings show that Cpz induces non-specific symptoms of biochemical and cellular disturbances in M. galloprovincialis even at the low picomolar concentration.

The odd couple: Caffeine and microplastics. Morphological and physiological changes in Mytilus galloprovincialis

“…While digestive cells in this group exhibited swelling in a hypotonic environment, they were unable to return to their initial volume, remaining swollen throughout the analysis. This trend corresponds with previous research findings regarding the impact of xenobiotics on M. galloprovincialis and may potentially disrupt the activity of enzymes involved in nutrient metabolism and digestion, ultimately leading to organ dysfunction (Impellitteri, Multisanti, Rusanova, Piccione, et al, 2023; Impellitteri, Yunko, Martyniuk, Khoma, et al, 2023; Impellitteri, Yunko, Martyniuk, Matskiv, et al, 2023; Pagano et al, 2022; Tresnakova, Famulari, et al, 2023; Tresnakova, Impellitteri, et al, 2023).…”

“…The digestive gland is a pivotal organ for M. galloprovincialis as it plays a crucial role in digestion and metabolism, facilitating the absorption of environmental compounds, including xenobiotics (Pagano et al, 2022; Tresnakova, Famulari, et al, 2023; Tresnakova, Impellitteri, et al, 2023). Any decline in the health of these cells can have significant implications for the overall well‐being of the organism (Curpan et al, 2022; Impellitteri, Multisanti, Rusanova, Piccione, et al, 2023; Impellitteri, Yunko, Martyniuk, Khoma, et al, 2023).…”

“…The release of osmolytes and compensatory cell shrinkage in response to acute cell swelling is termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD). The evaluation of RVD involved the isolation of digestive gland cells, following a protocol akin to that of several authors (Faggio et al, 2010; Impellitteri, Multisanti, Rusanova, Piccione, et al, 2023; Impellitteri, Yunko, Martyniuk, Khoma, et al, 2023; Impellitteri, Yunko, Martyniuk, Matskiv, et al, 2023; Pagano et al, 2017; Stara et al, 2020; Torre et al, 2013): initially, digestive glands were sourced from a randomly selected cohort of mussels. These glands were then mechanically minced and rinsed using a calcium and magnesium‐free solution (CMFS; 1100 mOsm; pH 7.3).…”