Cellular and Molecular Techniques for Characterising Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions

Garthwaite, Ian

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0271-9_58

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…(Bacon et al, 1986; Miles et al, 1996). Lolitrem (indole diterpene) alkaloids [paxilline, paxitriol(s), lolitriol, lolitrems] were first identified in symbiotic ryegrass plants and related to livestock neurotoxicities known as ryegrass staggers The ability to produce lolitrems and paxilline has also been shown in vitro for cultures of N. coenophialum and N. uncinatum (Penn et al, 1993), and in vivo in endophyte‐infected tall fescue (Garthwaite, 1997). The pyrrolopyrazine alkaloid peramine is produced by endophyte‐infected ryegrass, tall fescue, and other grasses (Siegel et al, 1990).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Biotic Stress Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptations of Endophyte‐Infected Cool‐Season Grasses to Environmental Stresses: Mechanisms of Drought and Mineral Stress Tolerance

Malinowski

Belesky²

2000

Crop Science

712

469

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Cool‐season grasses infected with Neotyphodium spp. endophytes have an extraordinary impact on the ecology and economy of pasture and turf. A range of adaptations of endophyte‐infected grasses to biotic and abiotic stresses has been identified but mechanisms of these adaptations are not clearly understood. In this review, we present recent research progress on endophyte‐related mechanisms affecting abiotic (drought, mineral) and selected aspects of biotic stress tolerance in cool‐season grasses. Endophytes induce mechanisms of drought avoidance (morphological adaptations), drought tolerance (physiological and biochemical adaptations), and drought recovery in infected grasses. Mineral nutrition (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium) affects production of ergot alkaloids, thus understanding mechanisms involved in mineral economy of endophyte‐infected grasses will help in developing management practices to reduce forage toxicity to livestock. Previous research resolved the role of endophyte in nitrogen (N) economy of tall fescue. We identified two endophyte‐related mechanisms in tall fescue operating in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency. The mechanisms are altered root morphology (reduced root diameters and longer root hairs) and chemical modification of the rhizosphere resulting from exudation of phenolic‐like compounds. These mechanisms were shown to benefit endophyte‐infected plants grown under P deficiency. We also report a mechanism of aluminum (Al) sequestration on root surfaces in endophyte‐infected tall fescue, which appears to be related to exudation of phenolic‐like compounds with Al‐chelating activity. Understanding mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in endophyte‐infected grasses is essential for continued improvement and persistence of grasses for a range of applications, e.g., forage for semi‐arid areas or cover plants for soil renovation.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Biotic Stress Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptations of Endophyte‐Infected Cool‐Season Grasses to Environmental Stresses: Mechanisms of Drought and Mineral Stress Tolerance

Malinowski

Belesky²

2000

Crop Science

712

469

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“…The Ruakura Agricultural Research Station, however, found the teff and Eragrostis curvula seed negative for Neotyphodium-like endophyte mycelium by ELISA and microscopy (Garthwaite 1997), and excluded lysergol-containing endophytic ergot alkaloids and paxilline (a precursor of the toxic lolitrems, a further indicator of toxic endophytes) by ELISA (Garthwaite et al 1994) from all seed and vegetative material of teff and E. curvula submitted to them (I. Garthwaite & C.C. Miles, Agresearch, Ruakura, New Zealand, personal communication 1997).…”

Section: Examination For Ergotised or Endophyte Infected Grassmentioning

confidence: 97%

<i>Claviceps cyperi</i>, a new cause of severe ergotism in dairy cattle consuming maize silage and teff hay contaminated with ergotised <i>Cyperus esculentus</i> (nut sedge) on the Highveld of South Africa

Naudé¹,

Botha²,

Vorster³

et al. 2005

Onderstepoort J Vet Res

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NAUDÉ, T.W., BOTHA, C.J., VORSTER, J.H., ROUX, C., VAN DER LINDE, E.J., VAN DER WALT, S.I., ROTTINGHAUS, G.E., VAN JAARSVELD, L. & LAWRENCE, A.N. 2005. Claviceps cyperi, a new cause of severe ergotism in dairy cattle consuming maize silage and teff hay contaminated with ergotised Cyperus esculentus (nut sedge) on the Highveld of South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, During December/January 1996/97 typical summer syndrome (hyperthermia and a 30 % drop in milk yield) occurred in succession in two Holstein dairy herds (n = 240 and n = 150 milking cows, respectively) on the South African Highveld. These farms are situated in the midst of the prime maize and dairy farming areas of South Africa where this condition had never been diagnosed before.The individual components of the concentrate on both farms were negative for ergot alkaloids. Endophytic fungi and/or ergot infestation of teff and other grasses fed to the cows were then suspected of being involved, but neither endophytes nor ergot alkaloids could be implicated from these sources.By measuring the serum prolactin levels of groups of sheep (n = 5) fed the first farm's total mixed ration (TMR) or its three individual fibre components for a period of 11 days, the source of the ergot alkaloids was identified. A statistically significant decrease in the level of this hormone occurred only in the group on maize silage (which constituted 28 % on dry matter base of the TMR). The involvement of the maize silage was further chemically confirmed by the high levels of total ergot alkaloids, predominantly ergocryptine, found by LC-MS in the silage as well as in the TMR (115-975 ppb and 65-300 ppb, respectively). The ergot alkaloid content (mainly ergocryptine) of the maize silage on the second affected farm was 875 ppb. Withdrawal of contaminated silage resulted in gradual recovery of stock on both farms.Nut sedge (Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus rotundus of the family Cyperaceae) has a world-wide distribution and is a common weed in annual crops, and can be parasitized by Claviceps cyperi. Careful examination of the maize silage from both farms revealed that it was heavily contaminated 1 Division of Toxicology, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05,

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Mycotoxicoses of grazing animals in New Zealand

Smith

Towers

2002

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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Cellular and Molecular Techniques for Characterising Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions

Cited by 5 publications

References 46 publications

Adaptations of Endophyte‐Infected Cool‐Season Grasses to Environmental Stresses: Mechanisms of Drought and Mineral Stress Tolerance

Adaptations of Endophyte‐Infected Cool‐Season Grasses to Environmental Stresses: Mechanisms of Drought and Mineral Stress Tolerance

<i>Claviceps cyperi</i>, a new cause of severe ergotism in dairy cattle consuming maize silage and teff hay contaminated with ergotised <i>Cyperus esculentus</i> (nut sedge) on the Highveld of South Africa

Mycotoxicoses of grazing animals in New Zealand

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