Cellular and Molecular Processes in Wound Healing

Abstract

This review summarizes the recent knowledge of the cellular and molecular processes that occur during wound healing. However, these biological mechanisms have yet to be defined in detail; this is demonstrated by the fact that alterations of events to pathological states, such as keloids, consisting of the excessive formation of scars, have consequences yet to be defined in detail. Attention is also dedicated to new therapies proposed for these kinds of pathologies. Awareness of these scientific problems is important for experts of various disciplines who are confronted with these kinds of presentations daily.

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“…These macrophages play a crucial role in phagocytizing bacteria, deceased neutrophils, and damaged tissue ( 7 ). Furthermore, macrophages also secrete growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, which subsequently induce the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells ( 8 ). Additionally, macrophages contribute to the process of angiogenesis and play a role in the formation of vascularized connective tissue, ultimately resulting in the closure of the wound ( 9 ).…”

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“…Recent research in wound healing has focused on understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in each phase, as well as developing new therapeutic strategies to improve wound healing outcomes [ 13 ]. Wound healing is divided into four overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling/maturation [ 13 , 14 ].…”

“…These processes result in the production of vasoactive compounds that play a role in the vasodilation and relaxation of arterial vessels. This phase typically lasts only a few minutes [ 13 , 15 ].…”

“…In the late stage of inflammation, a switch of macrophage phenotypes from pro-inflammatory (M1 phagocytic) to anti-inflammatory (M2 pro-regenerative) along with neutrophil apoptosis occurs [ 19 ]. Additionally, other cell types such as keratinocytes contribute to this process by releasing inflammatory cytokines [ 13 ]. Studies have also shown that Langerhans’ cells, a subpopulation of dendritic cells, rapidly increase in number within the first hour after injury, intervening in the initial phase of wound healing, secreting factors that trigger the proliferation of cells involved in this phenomenon [ 20 ].…”

“…The fibroblasts, in addition to being involved in the formation of granulation tissue, are involved in the regulation of both keratinocyte migration and proliferation other than in angiogenesis. Apart from these cell types, macrophages and mast cells consistently release growth factors that are involved in this process [ 13 , 15 ].…”