Cellular and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants in Parkinson's disease

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the degeneration and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It has been suggested that oxidative stress plays a role in the etiology and progression of PD. For instance, low levels of endogenous antioxidants, increased reactive species, augmented dopamine oxidation, and high iron levels have been found in brains from PD patients. In vitro and in vivo studies of Parkinson models evaluating natural and endogenous antioxidants such as polyphenols, coenzyme Q10, and vitamins A, C, and E have shown protective effects against oxidative-induced neuronal death. In this paper, we will review the mechanisms by which polyphenols and endogenous antioxidants can produce protection. Some of the mechanisms reviewed include: scavenging nitrogen and oxygen reactive species, regulation of signaling pathways associated with cell survival and inflammation, and inhibition of synphilin-1 and alpha-synuclein aggregation.

The Effect of Creatine and Coenzyme Q10 Combination Therapy on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease

“…The oral administration of CoQ10 in an MPTP-induced mouse model reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. In addition, CoQ10 can also protect against malic acid-, excitotoxin-, and rotenone-induced toxicity in dopaminergic neurons and had a significant neuroprotective function related to the activation of uncoupling protein 2, the protection of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, and the stabilization of MP [23]. Recently, a study by Shults et al [24] demonstrated that patients receiving a dose of CoQ10 (1,200 mg/day) had significantly less deterioration in UPDRS scores than patients taking placebo.…”

Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of extracts from fruits in fibroblastoma HT1080 cell lines: four fruits with commercial potential in Colombia

“…Antioxidant properties of polyphenols are subject of ongoing research against illness related to oxidative stress-induced cell damage such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson Disease and others neurodegenerative diseases (Valko et al, 2007;Circu and Aw, 2010;Albarracin et al, 2012;Sutachan et al, 2012). Polyphenols are characterized by the presence of multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups attached to ring structures, which classify them into different groups such as flavonoids, lignans and stilbenes.…”

Quantitation of Hydrogen Peroxide Fluctuations and Their Modulation of Dopamine Dynamics in the Rat Dorsal Striatum Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

“…These results add to the growing literature highlighting modulation of the nigrostriatal dopamine system by reactive oxygen species. 1,3,4,38,52 The 155 nM decrease in basal dopamine levels elicited in response to MCS-generated oxidative stress lends additional insight into the basal concentration of DA in the striatum, suggesting that it must be at least this high in the dorsal striatum. This issue has been highly debated in the literature, with estimates for basal DA concentrations in the striatum ranging from the nanomolar to micromolar range.…”

“…1 Loss of dopaminergic neurons manifests into clinical motor symptoms including bradykinesia, tremor, and akinesia. Research efforts have long attempted to elucidate the mechanisms of this disease.…”