Cells and Organs on Chip—A Revolutionary Platform for Biomedicine

Joshi, Preeti Nigam

doi:10.5772/64102

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(208 reference statements)

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“…Recently, these microfabrication techniques have greatly benefited from the development of integrated circuit technology and wafer fabrication facilities in electrical engineering, and many of the challenging facing organ-on-a-chip systems (such as miniaturization and reproduction of complex architectures similar to human tissues) have been addressed. In order to mimic the in vivo microenvironment to the highest extent, using biomaterials to fabricate organ-on-a-chip systems provide opportunities to allow higher precision and accuracy [155]. For instance, Sudo et al implemented a microfluidic platform that incorporated a type-I collagen gel scaffold between two microfluidic channels under static or flow conditions.…”

Section: What Is An Organ-on-a-chip?mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery

Shi

Wang

et al. 2019

Biomaterials

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A B S T R A C TBacterial infections and antibiotic resistant bacteria have become a growing problem over the past decade. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control predict more deaths resulting from microorganisms than all cancers combined by 2050. Currently, many traditional models used to study bacterial infections fail to precisely replicate the in vivo bacterial environment. These models often fail to incorporate fluid flow, bio-mechanical cues, intercellular interactions, host-bacteria interactions, and even the simple inclusion of relevant physiological proteins in culture media. As a result of these inadequate models, there is often a poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo assays, limiting therapeutic potential. Thus, the urgency to establish in vitro and ex vivo systems to investigate the mechanisms underlying bacterial infections and to discover new-age therapeutics against bacterial infections is dire. In this review, we present an update of current in vitro and ex vivo models that are comprehensively changing the landscape of traditional microbiology assays. Further, we provide a comparative analysis of previous research on various established organ-disease models. Lastly, we provide insight on future techniques that may more accurately test new formulations to meet the growing demand of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. Lack of adequate model systemsCommonly, a variety of inconsistent, in vitro and in vivo models have been progressively utilized for antibiotic/drug development and pathophysiological studies. These systems range from simple in vitro models using microtiter plate assays and flow cells to more complex in https://doi.

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Section: What Is An Organ-on-a-chip?mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery

Shi

Wang

et al. 2019

Biomaterials

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“…The resulting devices incorporate functional units with a minimal number of living components of an organ that sufficiently retains the tissue- and organ-level interactions. Depending on the tissue perfusion and micro-architecture, fabricated devices can last for approximately one month, which enables the study of biological phenomena and underlying mechanisms of organ physiology [ 154 ]. The organ-on-a-chip is a fast-developing area, as evident from the special issue dedicated to the topic in the Genes journal [ 155 ].…”

Section: Application Of Microfluidics For Protein Synthesis and Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Devices for Drug Delivery Systems and Drug Screening

Damiati

Kompella

Kodzius

2018

Genes

282

199

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Microfluidic devices present unique advantages for the development of efficient drug carrier particles, cell-free protein synthesis systems, and rapid techniques for direct drug screening. Compared to bulk methods, by efficiently controlling the geometries of the fabricated chip and the flow rates of multiphase fluids, microfluidic technology enables the generation of highly stable, uniform, monodispersed particles with higher encapsulation efficiency. Since the existing preclinical models are inefficient drug screens for predicting clinical outcomes, microfluidic platforms might offer a more rapid and cost-effective alternative. Compared to 2D cell culture systems and in vivo animal models, microfluidic 3D platforms mimic the in vivo cell systems in a simple, inexpensive manner, which allows high throughput and multiplexed drug screening at the cell, organ, and whole-body levels. In this review, the generation of appropriate drug or gene carriers including different particle types using different configurations of microfluidic devices is highlighted. Additionally, this paper discusses the emergence of fabricated microfluidic cell-free protein synthesis systems for potential use at point of care as well as cell-, organ-, and human-on-a-chip models as smart, sensitive, and reproducible platforms, allowing the investigation of the effects of drugs under conditions imitating the biological system.

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“…Unfortunately, the traditional in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures poorly recapitulate the in vivo environment and have many limitations, including an altered cell morphology, polarity, phenotypes, and division mode in cells, as well as a disturbance of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular environment interactions [6]. Since these models are better suited for understanding the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject [7], these models often make it difficult to understand the drug-specific mode of action [8]. Three-dimensional models such as 3D scaffolds better mimic the in vivo conditions for cell studies, tissue organization, and drug screening applications, by comparison to conventional 2D models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface-Modified Industrial Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 3D Scaffold Fabrication by Gold Nanoparticle for Drug Screening

et al. 2020

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Biocompatibility is very important for cell growth using 3D printers, but biocompatibility materials are very expensive. In this study, we investigated the possibility of cell culture by the surface modification of relatively low-cost industrial materials and an efficient three-dimensional (3D) scaffold made with an industrial ABS filament for cell proliferation, spheroid formation, and drug screening applications. We evaluated the adequate structure among two-layer square shape 3D scaffolds printed by fused deposition modeling with variable infill densities (10–50%). Based on the effects of these scaffolds on cell proliferation and spheroid formation, we conducted experiments using the industrial ABS 3D scaffold (IA3D) with 40% of infill density, which presented an external dimension of (XYZ) 7650 µm × 7647 µm × 210 µm, 29.8% porosity, and 225 homogenous micropores (251.6 µm × 245.9 µm × 210 µm). In the IA3D, spheroids of cancer HepG2 cells and keratinocytes HaCaT cells appeared after 2 and 3 days of culture, respectively, whereas no spheroids were formed in 2D culture. A gold nanoparticle-coated industrial ABS 3D scaffold (GIA3D) exhibited enhanced biocompatible properties including increased spheroid formation by HepG2 cells compared to IA3D (1.3-fold) and 2D (38-fold) cultures. Furthermore, the cancer cells exhibited increased resistance to drug treatments in GIA3D, with cell viabilities of 122.9% in industrial GIA3D, 40.2% in IA3D, and 55.2% in 2D cultures when treated with 100 µM of mitoxantrone. Our results show that the newly engineered IA3D is an innovative 3D scaffold with upgraded properties for cell proliferation, spheroid formation, and drug-screening applications.

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Cells and Organs on Chip—A Revolutionary Platform for Biomedicine

Cited by 18 publications

References 147 publications

In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery

In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery

Microfluidic Devices for Drug Delivery Systems and Drug Screening

Surface-Modified Industrial Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 3D Scaffold Fabrication by Gold Nanoparticle for Drug Screening

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