Cell Wall Proteomics as a Means to Identify Target Genes to Improve Second‐Generation Biofuel Production

Abstract

Second-generation biofuels "2G generally uses residues composed of lignocellulosic materials to produce renewable energy potentially up to 50% , without increasing the planted areas. However, the high cost of enzymes required for cell wall disassembly prior to the sacchariication makes the "2G production more expensive yet, compared to the irst-generation biofuels. Designing plants with less lignin, a barrier to "2G production, or facilitating cell wall disassembly by searching for the plant mechanisms can be the way to obtain "2G feasibility. Therewith, plant cell wall proteomics provides valuable information concerning the main cell wall proteins CWPs involved in its biosynthesis and rearrangements. Essentially, two plants of the grass family have been studied: sugarcane as a crop amenable to second-generation ethanol E2G production and Brachypodium distachyon as a model plant amenable to genetic transformation. Cell wall proteomics has allowed the identiication of numerous CWPs as well as their ine proiling in diferent organs and at various developmental stages. Proteins acting on carbohydrates, mostly glycosyl hydrolases, and oxidoreductases, including class III peroxidases and laccases, can be highlighted. "oth kinds of CWPs are assumed to contribute to the remodelling of cell wall polysaccharides by enzymatic or nonenzymatic mechanisms. CWPs present in growing organs could also be atractive candidates since they greatly contribute to cell wall plasticity.Keywords: Brachypodium distachyon, cell wall protein, grass, second generation ethanol, sugarcane © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. . IntroductionSecond-generation biofuels "2G are a promising renewable alternative to supply energy demand of fossil fuels worldwide, whose advantage is mostly due to the lower emission of greenhouse gases and the possibility to increase the production without widening the planted area. However, we are still far from producing "2G at an economically competitive way and reasonable amount to replace fossil fuels. "2G uses lignocellulosic material as substrates. Since sugarcane has been considered one of the best crops to produce bioethanol, its bagasse and straw have been studied as one of the main complementary sources of C 6 and C 5 sugars for "2G. One of the main constrains to its economic feasibility relies on the rate of success of the enzymatic sacchariication enabling the conversion of the plant cell wall sugars into bioethanol [1]. Sacchariication of the cell wall ...

Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root

“…The importance of GHs in different physiological processes such as root aerenchyma formation ( Grandis et al, 2019 ), proper cell wall deposition ( Moneo-Sánchez et al, 2019 , 2020 ), and xylem differentiation ( Yu et al, 2013 ; Hu et al, 2020 ; Tu et al, 2020 ) was shown. Despite a wide variety of GHs acting during different processes has been described in several omics studies ( Francin-Allami et al, 2015 ; Calderan-Rodrigues et al, 2017 ; Grandis et al, 2019 ), in many cases, the physiological significance of these GHs in plants has remained elusive.…”