Cell wall dynamics in yeast

Smits, Gertien J.; Kapteyn, J.C.; Ende, H. van den; Klis, Frans M.

doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(99)80061-7

Cited by 208 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…91). These stresses induce a compensatory mechanism that results in a reshaping of the cell wall architecture in order to combat cell lysis (2,3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide Analysis of the Response to Cell Wall Mutations in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lagorce

Hauser

Labourdette

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

241

280

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Perturbations of the yeast cell wall trigger a repair mechanism that reconfigures its molecular structure to preserve cell integrity. To investigate this mechanism, we compared the global gene expression in five mutant strains, each bearing a mutation (i.e. fks1, kre6, mnn9, gas1, and knr4 mutants) that affects in a different manner the cell wall construction. Altogether, 300 responsive genes were kept based on high stringency criteria during data processing. Functional classification of these differentially expressed genes showed a substantial subset of induced genes involved in cell wall construction and an enrichment of metabolic, energy generation, and cell defense categories, whereas families of genes belonging to transcription, protein synthesis, and cellular growth were underrepresented. Clustering methods isolated a single group of ϳ80 up-regulated genes that could be considered as the stereotypical transcriptional response of the cell wall compensatory mechanism. The in silico analysis of the DNA upstream region of these co-regulated genes revealed pairwise combinations of DNA-binding sites for transcriptional factors implicated in stress and heat shock responses (Msn2/4p and Hsf1p) with Rlm1p and Swi4p, two PKC1-regulated transcription factors involved in the activation genes related to cell wall biogenesis and G 1 /S transition. Moreover, this computational analysis also uncovered the 6-bp 5 -AGCCTC-3 CDRE (calcineurindependent response element) motif in 40% of the coregulated genes. This motif was recently shown to be the DNA binding site for Crz1p, the major effector of calcineurin-regulated gene expression in yeast. Taken altogether, the data presented here lead to the conclusion that the cell wall compensatory mechanism, as triggered by cell wall mutations, integrates three major regulatory systems: namely the PKC1-SLT2 mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling module, the "global stress" response mediated by Msn2/4p, and the Ca 2؉ /calcineurindependent pathway. The relative importance of these regulatory systems in the cell wall compensatory mechanism is discussed.Yeast and fungi are surrounded by a cell wall that is a complex structure essential for maintenance of the cell shape, prevention of lysis, and protection against harmful environmental conditions. The yeast cell wall architecture has been determined in detail over the past decade (1). It is a layered structure that is composed of ␤-1,3-and ␤-1,6-glucan (50 -60% of the cell wall dry mass), mannoproteins (40 -50%), and chitin (2%). ␤-1,3-Glucan and chitin form a fibrillar network to which mannoproteins are anchored, mostly through ␤-1,6-glucan. Some cell wall proteins, like the PIR family, can be directly linked to ␤-1,3-glucan (reviewed in Ref.2). The cell wall is not a rigid structure, since it endures all of the changes that the cell undergoes during division, morphogenesis, and differentiation.To ensure continuous integrity of the wall in accordance with its plasticity, complex mechanisms must be operating, which need to be strictly ...

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“…91). These stresses induce a compensatory mechanism that results in a reshaping of the cell wall architecture in order to combat cell lysis (2,3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide Analysis of the Response to Cell Wall Mutations in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lagorce

Hauser

Labourdette

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

241

280

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For reasons of clarity, non-covalently bound proteins and proteins linked through disulfide bridges to other cell wall proteins have been omitted. This model is reprinted from Smits et al (1999) with permission from Elsevier Science.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The yeast genome encodes approximately 40 different GPI-dependent and 4 Pir cell wall mannoproteins, which are all covalently bound to 1,3-β-glucan (see Smits et al, 1999). More than 50 % of the genes encoding these cell wall proteins are transcribed in a cell-cycle-dependent manner (Spellman et al, 1998), and most of these are transcribed in M\G1 phase.…”

Section: Cell Wall Mannoproteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,3-β-Glucan synthesis is upregulated by the transcriptional activation of the alternative glucan synthase FKS2 (Zhao et al, 1998), and probably also more directly through activation of the regulatory subunit Rho1p (Bickle et al, 1998). Chitin synthesis is drastically increased, and the chitin content of cell walls, normally 1-2 %, can increase to over 20 % (reviewed by Smits et al, 1999). The transcription and incorporation of several cell wall proteins increases (de Nobel et al, 2000 ;Jung & Levin, 1999 ;Kapteyn et al, 1999b), probably to protect the glucan layer against lytic enzymes.…”

Section: Cell Wall Biogenesis In Response To Cell Wall Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential regulation of cell wall biogenesis during growth and development in yeast

2001

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“…It thus represents an important carbon and energetic investment of the cellular metabolic machinery. A molecular model of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall architecture has recently been proposed (Smits et al, 1999). In this model, an internal skeletal layer consisting of b1,3-glucan and b1,6-glucan molecules (together about 55% of the wall dry mass) forms a three-dimensional network that determines the shape and strength of the cell wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccharomyces cerevisiae YCRO17c/CWH43 encodes a putative sensor/transporter protein upstream of the BCK2 branch of the PKC1‐dependent cell wall integrity pathway

Martin-Yken

Dagkessamanskaia

Groot

et al. 2001

Yeast

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The Saccharomyces cerevisiae cwh43-2 mutant, originally isolated for its Calcofluor white hypersensitivity, displays several cell wall defects similar to mutants in the PKC1-MPK1 pathway, including a growth defect and increased release of b-1,6-glucan and bglucosylated proteins into the growth medium at increased temperatures. The cloning of CWH43 showed that it corresponds to YCR017c and encodes a protein with 14-16 transmembrane segments containing several putative phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. The N-terminal part of the amino acid sequence of Cwh43p shows 40% similarity with the mammalian FRAG1, a membrane protein that activates the fibroblast growth factor receptor of rat osteosarcoma (FGFR2-ROS) and with protein sequences of four uncharacterized ORFs from Caenorhabditis elegans and one from Drosophila melanogaster. The C-terminus of Cwh43p shows low similarities with a xylose permease of Bacillus megaterium and with putative sugar transporter from D. melanogaster, and has 52% similarity with a protein sequence from a Schizosaccharomyces pombe cDNA. A Cwh43-GFP fusion protein suggested a plasma membrane localization, although localization to the internal structure of the cells could not be excluded, and it concentrates to the bud tip of small budded cells and to the neck of dividing cells. Deletion of CWH43 resulted in cell wall defects less pronounced than those of the cwh43-2 mutant. This allelespecific phenotype appears to be due to a G-R substitution at position 57 in a highly conserved region of the protein. Genetic analysis places CWH43 upstream of the BCK2 branch of the PKC1 signalling pathway, since cwh43 mutations were synthetic lethal with pkc1 deletion, whereas the cwh43 defects could be rescued by overexpression of BCK2 and not by high-copy-number expression of genes encoding downstream proteins of the PKC1 pathway. However, unlike BCK2, whose disruption in a cln3 mutant resulted in growth arrest in G 1 , no growth defect was observed in a double cwh43 cln3 mutants. Taken together, it is proposed that CWH43 encodes a protein with putative sensor and transporter domains acting in parallel to the main PKC1-dependent cell wall integrity pathway, and that this gene has evolved into two distinct genes in higher eukaryotes.

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Cell wall dynamics in yeast

Cited by 208 publications

References 51 publications

Genome-wide Analysis of the Response to Cell Wall Mutations in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome-wide Analysis of the Response to Cell Wall Mutations in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Differential regulation of cell wall biogenesis during growth and development in yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae YCRO17c/CWH43 encodes a putative sensor/transporter protein upstream of the BCK2 branch of the PKC1‐dependent cell wall integrity pathway

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