Cell voltage monitoring All-in-One. A new low cost solution to perform degradation analysis on air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Vivas, F.J.; Heras, A. De las; Segura, F.; Andújar, José Manuel

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.172

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…In order to assess the electrochemical performances of a fuel cell the voltage is the first and most typically monitored indicator [32]. From a thermodynamic point of view, the maximum voltage that can be obtained from a single cell (electrolyte & electrode pair) in Open Circuit Voltage "OCV" conditions, defined for a giving operating temperature and gas composition, is named Nernst potential E N (Equation ( 4)) [18,33,34].…”

Section: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-brief Technology Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The characteristics of the different fuel cell technologies are reflected at laboratory scale. From a cell point of view low temperature fuel cells are relatively simpler and quicker to characterize, due to near-ambient operating conditions and immediate response of the sample to a change in the input conditions [32]. Thermo-mechanical conditions also allow simpler materials and test bench management.…”

Section: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-laboratory Scale Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Procedures & First Results of an Innovative Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Test Rig: Parametric Analysis and Stability Test

et al. 2021

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells are a promising technology for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are a promising technology For high-efficiency electrochemical conversion of a vast range of fuel gas mixtures, thigh operating temperature conditions (650–900 °C) represent a challenge both at system level and at laboratory testing level, in terms of material properties and performance dynamics. In this work a detailed procedural analysis is presented for an innovative all-ceramic compact SOFC test rig and first experimental testing results are reported in terms of polarization curves obtained under parametric variation of operating conditions (H2 content, air ratio λ and temperature) and short-term voltage stability test under load (140 h at 0.3 A/cm2). The electrochemical characterization results confirm the validity of the used all-ceramic cell holder, showing excellent cell performances in terms of polarization. H2 content has the most impact on SOFC performance, followed by temperature and finally air ratio, whose impact in the analyzed range is hardly seen. From the short-term stability test, the test bench setup reliability is demonstrated, showing no significant performance degradation after 140 continuous hours under load, which confirms the high quality and reproducibility of the results.

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Section: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-brief Technology Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-laboratory Scale Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Procedures & First Results of an Innovative Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Test Rig: Parametric Analysis and Stability Test

et al. 2021

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“…Value Unit Empirical I-V curves were obtained by applying a third-order polynomial fit-Equation (6)according to the cubic spline interpolation method with respect to experimental I-V measurements obtained by testing one fuel cell unit over a power setpoint range from 0 to 2 kW- Figure 10 (a). Since the fuel cell power is limited to 2 kWe [40], the fuel cell output power can be considered linear with reasonable approximation, Equation (7) and Figure 10b, since the concentration loss region is not reached. By knowing the input power setpoint of the system, the operating current in the linear region can be determined from the I-P curve; successively, by entering the I-V curve with the found value of current, the voltage can be determined.…”

Section: Datasheet Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen vs. Battery in the Long-term Operation. A Comparative Between Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Renewable Microgrids

et al. 2020

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The growth of the world’s energy demand over recent decades in relation to energy intensity and demography is clear. At the same time, the use of renewable energy sources is pursued to address decarbonization targets, but the stochasticity of renewable energy systems produces an increasing need for management systems to supply such energy volume while guaranteeing, at the same time, the security and reliability of the microgrids. Locally distributed energy storage systems (ESS) may provide the capacity to temporarily decouple production and demand. In this sense, the most implemented ESS in local energy districts are small–medium-scale electrochemical batteries. However, hydrogen systems are viable for storing larger energy quantities thanks to its intrinsic high mass-energy density. To match generation, demand and storage, energy management systems (EMSs) become crucial. This paper compares two strategies for an energy management system based on hydrogen-priority vs. battery-priority for the operation of a hybrid renewable microgrid. The overall performance of the two mentioned strategies is compared in the long-term operation via a set of evaluation parameters defined by the unmet load, storage efficiency, operating hours and cumulative energy. The results show that the hydrogen-priority strategy allows the microgrid to be led towards island operation because it saves a higher amount of energy, while the battery-priority strategy reduces the energy efficiency in the storage round trip. The main contribution of this work lies in the demonstration that conventional EMS for microgrids’ operation based on battery-priority strategy should turn into hydrogen-priority to keep the reliability and independence of the microgrid in the long-term operation.

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“…Specifically, in the case of renewable source-based microgrids with hydrogen as backup (Figure 1 shows the general architecture of a hydrogen-based microgrid), the intelligent management system must be responsible not only for satisfying the load at all times, optimizing production and distribution but it must accomplish pivotal goals in the case of hydrogen systems as lifespan, degradation, costs, operating time and losses [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Model Predictive Controller to Develop Energy Management Systems in Renewable Source-Based Smart Microgrids with Hydrogen as Backup. Theoretical Foundation and Case Study

et al. 2020

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This article presents a methodological foundation to design and experimentally test a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) to be applied in renewable source-based microgrids with hydrogen as backup. The Model Predictive Controller has been developed with the aim to guarantee the best energy distribution while the microgrid operation is optimized considering both technical and economic parameters. As a differentiating element, this proposal provides a solution to the problem of energy management in real systems, addressing technological challenges such as charge management in topologies with direct battery connection, or loss of performance associated with equipment degradation or the required dynamics in the operation of hydrogen systems. That is, the proposed Model Predictive Controller achieves the optimization of microgrid operation both in the short and in the long-term basis. For this purpose, a generalized multi-objective function has been defined that considers the energy demand, operating costs, system performance as well as the suffered and accumulated degradation by microgrid elements throughout their lifespan. The generality in the definition of the model and cost function, allows multi-objective optimization problems to be raised depending on the application, topology or design criteria to be considered. For this purpose, a heuristic methodology based on artificial intelligence techniques is presented for the tuning of the controller parameters. The Model Predictive Controller has been validated by simulation and experimental tests in a case study, where the performance of the microgrid under energy excess and deficit situations has been tested, considering the constrains defined by the degradation of the systems that make up the microgrid. The designed controller always made it possible to guarantee both the power balance and the optimal energy distribution between systems according to the predefined priority and accumulated degradation, while guaranteeing the maximum operating voltage of the system with a margin of error less than 1%. The simulation and experimental results for the case study showed the validity of the controller and the design methodology used.

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Cell voltage monitoring All-in-One. A new low cost solution to perform degradation analysis on air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Cited by 22 publications

References 56 publications

Experimental Procedures & First Results of an Innovative Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Test Rig: Parametric Analysis and Stability Test

Experimental Procedures & First Results of an Innovative Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Test Rig: Parametric Analysis and Stability Test

Hydrogen vs. Battery in the Long-term Operation. A Comparative Between Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Renewable Microgrids

Extended Model Predictive Controller to Develop Energy Management Systems in Renewable Source-Based Smart Microgrids with Hydrogen as Backup. Theoretical Foundation and Case Study

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