Cell surface‐nanoengineering for cancer targeting immunoregulation and precise immunotherapy

Abstract

Living cells have become ideal therapeutic agents for cancer treatment owing to their innate activities, such as efficient tumor targeting and delivery, easy engineering, immunomodulatory properties, and fewer adverse effects. However, cell agents are often fragile to rigorous tumor microenvironment (TME) and limited by inadequate therapeutic responses, leading to unwanted treatment efficacy. Cell nanomodification, particularly the cell surfacenanoengineering has emerged as reliable and efficient strategy that not only combines cell activity properties with nanomaterials but also endows them with extra novel functions, enabling to achieve remarkable treatment results. In this review, we systematically introduce two major strategies have been adopted to develop cell surface engineering with nanomaterials, mainly including living cell nano-backpacks and cell membrane-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs). Based on various functional NPs and cell types, we focus on reviewing the cell-surface nanoengineering for targeted drug delivery, immune microenvironment regulation, and precisely antitumor therapy. The advances and challenges of cell surface-nanoengineered antitumor agents for cancer therapy applications are further discussed in future clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the advances in cell surface-engineering for targeting immunoregulation and treatment and could contribute to the future of advanced cell-based antitumor therapeutic applications.

Bioorthogonal “Click” Cycloadditions: A Toolkit for Modulating Polymers and Nanostructures in Living Systems

“…The SPAAC reaction has been extensively employed in combination with live therapeutics for cancer treatments. Several applications of this reaction show the modification of live immune cells, bacteria, and viruses, successfully enhancing the therapeutic potential of these organisms in preclinical trials [56].…”

Four Ounces Can Move a Thousand Pounds: The Enormous Value of Nanomaterials in Tumor Immunotherapy

“…The authors found that the hybrid nanogels were able to effectively deliver TAAs to DCs and stimulate an immune response in mice, resulting in reduced tumor growth. Similarly, Wang et al [330] developed a hybrid nanogel system for the delivery of ICIs, which are a class of drugs that have shown promise in the treatment of cancer. The authors found that the hybrid nanogel system was able to increase the stability and half-life of ICIs in the body, resulting in improved therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of lung cancer.…”

Living Cell‐Derived Intelligent Nanobots for Precision Oncotherapy

“…[15] In addition to being applied for drug delivery, living cell pharmacytes also demonstrate unique anti-tumor abilities by leveraging its own biological role, such as the phagocytosis of neutrophils, the thrombosis of platelets, and the cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes. [16] Although these cell-based bioactive platform have attracted extensive attention, relying solely on the single function is far from enough to completely eradicate malignant tumors, highlighting the need to exploit fresh nanoengineered options that could be utilized in maximizing the therapeutic index. [17] Biological carriers including living cells, cell membranes, and cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered prospective candidates for targeted drug delivery due to their unique bioactivity of adhesion targeting and barrier penetration to tumors.…”