Cell size of alveolar macrophages: an interspecies comparison.

Krombach, Fritz; Münzing, Silvia; Allmeling, Anne-Marie; Gerlach, J. Tilman; Behr, Jürgen; Dörger, Martina

doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s51261

Cited by 208 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes, and they play a pivotal role in the immune response, both in the non-specific defense (innate immunity) and specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrates. Peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages in humans and certain important animals have been successfully isolated [5,10,24,25]. They were used to investigate the mechanisms and potential for prevention of several inflammatory diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the membrane-bound form (mCD14), CD14 also exists as a soluble form (sCD14) in the serum [3,4]. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is present in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and is a well-established pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in the innate immune system [5,6]. Binding between CD14 and LPS is a key step in bacterial infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of buffalo CD14 shRNA on the gene expression of TLR4 signal pathway in buffalo monocyte/macrophages

Huang

et al. 2014

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

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CD14 plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which interacts with TLR4 and MD-2 to enable cell activation, resulting in inflammation. Upstream inhibition of the inflammation pathway mediated by bacterial LPS, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cluster of differentiation antigen 14 (CD14) was proven to be an effective therapeutic approach for attenuating harmful immune activation. To explore the effect of CD14 downregulation on the expression of TLR4 signaling pathway-related genes after LPS stimulation in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) monocyte/macrophages, effective CD14 shRNA sequences were screened using qRT-PCR and FACS analysis with buffalo CD14 shRNA lentiviral recombinant plasmids (pSicoR-GFP-shRNA) and buffalo CD14 fusion expression plasmids (pDsRed-N1-buffalo CD14) co-transfected into HEK293T cells via liposomes. Of the tested shRNAs, shRNA-1041 revealed the highest knockdown efficiency (p < 0.01). When buffalo peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages were infected with shRNA-1041 lentivirus and stimulated with LPS, the expression of endogenous CD14 was significantly decreased by CD14 shRNA (p < 0.01), and the mRNA expression levels of TLR4, IL-6 and TNF-α were also significantly downregulated compared to the control groups (p < 0.01). These results demonstrated that the knockdown of endogenous CD14 had clear regulatory effects on the signal transduction of TLR4 after stimulation with LPS. These results may provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CD14 regulation in the development of several buffalo diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of buffalo CD14 shRNA on the gene expression of TLR4 signal pathway in buffalo monocyte/macrophages

Huang

et al. 2014

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

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“…MGBG levels were normalized to the amount of the protein in each lysate. Calculations of intracellular MGBG concentrations were based on the average of experimentally determined MGBG contents of the cells and the published mean cell volumes of 419 fl for the monocytes (44, 45), 4,990 fl for the macrophages (46), and 800 fl for the activated T cells (47). However, given the inherent individual variations in the cell volumes, the reported intracellular MGBG concentrations should be considered estimates only.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of HIV Expression and Integration in Macrophages by Methylglyoxal-Bis-Guanylhydrazone

Jin

McGrath

2015

J Virol

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Macrophages are a target for infection with HIV and represent one of the viral reservoirs that are relatively resistant to current antiretroviral drugs. Here we demonstrate that methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone (MGBG), a polyamine analog and potent S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor, decreases HIV expression in monocytes and macrophages. MGBG is selectively concentrated by these cells through a mechanism consistent with active transport by the polyamine transporter. Using a macrophage-tropic reporter virus tagged with the enhanced green fluorescent protein, we demonstrate that MGBG decreases the frequency of HIV-infected cells. The effect is dose dependent and correlates with the production of HIV p24 in culture supernatants. This anti-HIV effect was further confirmed using three macrophage-tropic primary HIV isolates. Viral life cycle mapping studies show that MGBG inhibits HIV DNA integration into the cellular DNA in both monocytes and macrophages. O ne of the major remaining obstacles in treating human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1)-related diseases is the elimination of viral reservoirs that contribute to persistent infection and chronic immune activation. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is effective at reducing the plasma viral load and slowing down the decline of CD4 ϩ T lymphocytes and dendritic cells, it has failed to eradicate the residual long-lived HIV-infected cellular reservoirs (1-3). At the molecular level, HAART successfully suppresses HIV RNA replication and decreases total viral DNA load in treated individuals. However, it fails to eliminate the integrated proviral DNA (4, 5). Even in HAART-treated patients with an undetectable plasma viral load, discontinuation of treatment is routinely associated with the reappearance of HIV RNA in circulation, confirming the presence of significant HIV proviral reservoirs in HAART-treated individuals (6, 7).HIV-1 cellular reservoirs include resting CD4 ϩ T lymphocytes and cells of the monocyte and macrophage lineage (1, 8, 9). Research on the HIV reservoirs has largely focused on T cells and more specifically a rare subset of resting memory CD4 T cells that has been reproducibly identified in the blood of patients with low or no detectible plasma viral loads (10). Cells of the monocyte and macrophage lineage may represent another mechanism for viral persistence. These cells are among the cells infected early upon exposure to HIV (11), and the presence of CCR5-utilizing "macrophage-tropic" forms of HIV in the plasma of essentially all newly infected individuals is consistent with the notion that macrophages represent an early target for HIV infection (12)(13)(14)(15). In contrast to CD4 T cells which die with effective HIV replication, macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effect of the virus. Furthermore, macrophages and dendritic cells are capable of transmitting HIV to T cells or other macrophages via cell-cell contact (16). Depending on the origins of the virus, both cis-infection and trans-infection modes h...

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“…Brain, 1976van Furth, 1982;Geiser, 2010), macrophages display great phenotypic and functional heterogeneity (Krombach et al, 1977;Nguyen et al, 1982;Lehnert, 1992;Warheit and Hartsky, 1993;Kiama et al, 2008). Local environments largely determine the structural and functional differences (e.g.…”

Section: General Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Defences of the Lung: Comparative Perspectives

Maina¹

2012

Respiratory Diseases

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'Our lungs are highly complex organs that are exquisitely specialized for gas exchange and host defense.' Rawlins (2010) 1. Introduction General considerationsThe most important function of the lung is to acquire molecular oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Except probably for the gastrointestinal system, no other organ in the body interacts with the external environment as constantly and as intimately as the respiratory system. For example, during a 24 hour period, at rest, the human lung is ventilated ~25,000 times with ~20,000 L of air (e.g. Burri, 1985; Brain, 1996), it has a respiratory surface area (RSA) of ~140 m 2 (about the size of a tennis court) which is located in the acini that lie no more than 40 to 50 cm from the external environment (air) (e.g. Weibel, 1984), and the thickness of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier (BGB) (harmonic mean thickness, ht) is 0.62 μm, a value about one-fiftieth of the thickness of a foolscap paper or that of a human head hair (Gehr et al., 1978(Gehr et al., , 1990a. By weight, each day, more than 20 kg of air enters and leaves the human body, a load that far exceeds that of food and water ingested during the same time period (Brain, 1996). Depending on the level of air pollution, different types and quantities of foreign particulates and microbial pathogens are inhaled. While large RSA and thin BGB increase gas exchange, the concomitant downside to these structural properties is that they make the lung a leading portal of entry and therefore attack by pathogenic micro-organisms, damage by allergens and particulates, and injury by noxious gases (e.g. Brain, , 1992Lambrecht et al. 2001;Garn et al., 2006). The inhaled particulates are deposited on the epithelial lining of the conducting airways and that of the peripheral air spaces where they are retained for various durations before they are removed or destroyed (e.g. Geiser et al., 1988; Gehr et al., 1990 a, b). Brain (1996) observed that 'the lung is unique in that the marriage between environment and lung disease is profound. The respiratory system threfore forms a huge challenge to the body's immune integrity (e.g. von Garnier and Nicod, 2009 , 1993;Schwartz, 1994;Brunekreef et al., 1995;Ware, 2000;Pope, 2000;Nemmar et al., 2002;Pope et al., 2002;Suwa et al., 2002;Schulz et al., 2005;Kaufman, 2010;Brook et al., 2010; van den Hooven et al., 2011;Kampfrath et al., 2011 gc.ca/ccdpc-cpcmc/crdmrc/facts_gen_e.html). According to the Canadian Lung Association (CLA), the economic burden of respiratory disease in the Country is ~3 billion ($US) dollars (http://www.bukisa.com/articles/455926_lung-health-occupational-healthincidence#ixzz1I4jwMvBX). Based on net changes in gross domestic product (GDP) growth forecasts, the estimated annual cost of SARS (Sudden Avian Respiratory Syndrome) in Asia exceeds 10 billion dollars ($US) (Lee and McKibbin, 2003;Fan, 2003;McKibbin and Sidorenko, 2006) and according to the World Bank's estimates, an influenza pandemic may result in a loss (expenditure) of 800 billion dollars ($US) (Brahm...

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Cell size of alveolar macrophages: an interspecies comparison.

Cited by 208 publications

References 24 publications

The effect of buffalo CD14 shRNA on the gene expression of TLR4 signal pathway in buffalo monocyte/macrophages

The effect of buffalo CD14 shRNA on the gene expression of TLR4 signal pathway in buffalo monocyte/macrophages

Inhibition of HIV Expression and Integration in Macrophages by Methylglyoxal-Bis-Guanylhydrazone

Cellular Defences of the Lung: Comparative Perspectives

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