Cell size–dependent regulation of Wee1 localization by Cdr2 cortical nodes

Allard, Corey A.H.; Opalko, Hannah E.; Liu, Ko-Wei; Medoh, Uche N.; Moseley, James B.

doi:10.1083/jcb.201709171

Cited by 33 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…When Wee1 is bound to one of these Cdr1 / Cdr2 nodes, Cdr1 phosphorylates Wee1 at the C terminal domain and thereby inactivates it. The number of these nodes is doubled as the cell grows during the cycle, and the residence time of Wee1 at these nodes increases by about 20 times [16]. The Pom1 protein has a negative effect on both Cdr1 and Cdr2 kinases, however, it directly phosphorylates only Cdr2.…”

Section: The Roles Of Cdr1 Cdr2 Nif1 and Pom1 Kinases In Regulatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analyses of Proteins Coordinating G2 Size Control in Fission Yeast

Nagy¹,

Medgyes-Horváth²,

Szalay³

et al. 2019

Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng.

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Regulation of G2 phase is based on inhibition of MPF (M-phase Promoting Factor) through phosphorylation by Wee1-like kinases. Removal of the inhibiting phosphate group requires Cdc25-like phosphatases. In fission yeast, size control is achieved by monitoring cell length via interactions of Pom1, Nif1, Cdr1 and Cdr2 proteins, regulating MPF via the Wee1 kinase. Here, a search for homologues of these key proteins was performed in the genomes of several model organisms to analyze the evolution of G2 size control. Both the known upstream pathways regulating Wee1 protein (Pom1 → Cdr2, and Nif1 → Cdr1) have been found to be characteristic only in fission yeasts. Mik1, a backup copy of Wee1 kinase probably appeared in the common ancestor of the fission yeasts. The duplication resulting in Wee1A and Wee1B isoforms probably happened in a common ancestor of higher animals, while the Myt1 protein (found only in animals) could be a variant between an ancient serine / threonine kinase and the Wee1 tyrosine kinase. Probably both the ancestors of plants and that of fungi may have lost the myt1 gene. In fission yeasts, Pyp3 is a backup phosphatase of Cdc25, also activating MPF in late G2. Interestingly, we found that the small Ibp1 phosphatase appeared to be a closer homologue of Cdc25, although its function is different. Moreover, Cdc25 homologues identified in plants were found to be more closely related to Ibp1 rather than to Cdc25 of fission yeast. In the Cdc25-like proteins, a novel conserved region was found with the consensus sequence LxxG(Y/F).

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Section: The Roles Of Cdr1 Cdr2 Nif1 and Pom1 Kinases In Regulatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analyses of Proteins Coordinating G2 Size Control in Fission Yeast

Nagy¹,

Medgyes-Horváth²,

Szalay³

et al. 2019

Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng.

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“… Allard et al (2018) delve further into the biological relevance of Wee1’s localization at the nodes and present evidence that this localization is cell size dependent. By measuring the number of Wee1 punctae in snapshot images, Allard et al (2018) find a very strong cell size dependence on the number of punctae, which increase by at least 20-fold through one cell cycle. In these images, the number of Wee1 punctae depends on the number of landing sites but also on the duration of each visit.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The second model states that the number of Cdr2 cortical clusters, which increase linearly with cell surface area and therefore double in number during one generation, directly conveys cell size information independently of Pom1 ( Pan et al, 2014 ). By looking at the pathway output, this study by Allard et al (2018) goes beyond these divergences and proposes a unified model.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, cell size at division depends strongly on the balance between Wee1 and Cdc25 activity. The study by Allard et al (2018) focuses on the regulation of Wee1. Previous research has provided genetic evidence for the idea that Cdr2 and the related kinase Cdr1 serve as inhibitors of Wee1 ( Breeding et al, 1998 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biochemical work has also shown that Cdr1 phosphorylates Wee1 in vitro ( Coleman et al, 1993 ). In their study, Allard et al (2018) demonstrate that both Cdr1 and Cdr2 are required for Wee1 phosphorylation in vivo and investigate how these proteins are spatially organized to provide a system of cell size detection. Although Wee1 is known to associate with the spindle pole body and is found in the nucleus, its possible localization to cortical nodes had been debated ( Moseley et al, 2009 ; Masuda et al, 2011 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Dynamic visits of cortical structures probe for cell size

Gerganova

Martin

2018

Journal of Cell Biology

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Strongly oversized fission yeast cells lack any size control and tend to grow linearly rather than bilinearly

Nagy

Medgyes-Horváth

Vörös

et al. 2020

Yeast

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During the mitotic cycle, the rod‐shaped fission yeast cells grow only at their tips. The newly born cells grow first unipolarly at their old end, but later in the cycle, the ‘new end take‐off’ event occurs, resulting in bipolar growth. Photographs were taken of several steady‐state and induction synchronous cultures of different cell cycle mutants of fission yeast, generally larger than wild type. Length measurements of many individual cells were performed from birth to division. For all the measured growth patterns, three different functions (linear, bilinear and exponential) were fitted, and the most adequate one was chosen by using specific statistical criteria, considering the altering parameter numbers. Although the growth patterns were heterogeneous in all the cultures studied, we could find some tendencies. In cultures with sufficiently wide size distribution, cells large enough at birth tend to grow linearly, whereas the other cells generally tend to grow bilinearly. We have found that among bilinearly growing cells, the larger they are at birth, the rate change point during their bilinear pattern occurs earlier in the cycle. This shifting near to the beginning of the cycle might finally cause a linear pattern, if the cells are even larger. In all of the steady‐state cultures studied, a size control mechanism operates to maintain homeostasis. By contrast, strongly oversized cells of induction synchronous cultures lack any sizer, and their cycle rather behaves like an adder. We could determine the critical cell size for both the G1 and G2 size controls, where these mechanisms become cryptic. TAKE AWAY Most individual fission yeast cells in steady‐state cultures grow bilinearly. In strongly oversized fission yeast cells, linear growth dominates over bilinear. Above birth length thresholds, both the G1 and G2 size controls become cryptic.

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Cell size–dependent regulation of Wee1 localization by Cdr2 cortical nodes

Abstract: Cells turn off the mitotic inhibitor Wee1 to enter into mitosis. Allard et al. show how cell growth progressively inhibits fission yeast Wee1 through dynamic bursts of localization to cortical node structures that contain Wee1 inhibitory kinases.

Cited by 33 publications

References 48 publications

Phylogenetic Analyses of Proteins Coordinating G2 Size Control in Fission Yeast

Phylogenetic Analyses of Proteins Coordinating G2 Size Control in Fission Yeast

Dynamic visits of cortical structures probe for cell size

Strongly oversized fission yeast cells lack any size control and tend to grow linearly rather than bilinearly

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