Cell size as a link between noncoding DNA and metabolic rate scaling

Kozłowski, Jan; Konarzewski, Marek; Gawelczyk, A. T.

doi:10.1073/pnas.2334605100

Cited by 304 publications

(403 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This, together with a generally positive correlations between genome size and cell size (Cavalier‐Smith 1978; McLaren and Marcogliese 1983; Gregory 2005) indicate that differences in body size between related species at least partly reflects changes in cell size (Kozłowski et al. 2003; Hessen et al. 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in body‐ and genome size in calanoid copepods from temperate and arctic waters

Leinaas

Jalal

Gabrielsen³

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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SummaryThe tendency of ectotherms to get larger in the cold (Bergmann clines) has potentially great implications for individual performance and food web dynamics. The mechanistic drivers of this trend are not well understood, however. One fundamental question is to which extent variation in body size is attributed to variation in cell size, which again is related to genome size. In this study, we analyzed body and genome size in four species of marine calanoid copepods, Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus and Paraeuchaeta norvegica, with populations from both south Norwegian fjords and the High Arctic. The Calanus species showed typical interspecific Bergmann clines, and we assessed whether they also displayed similar intraspecific variations—and if correlation between genome size and body size differed between species. There were considerable inter‐ as well as intraspecific variations in body size and genome size, with the northernmost populations having the largest values of both variables within each species. Positive intraspecific relationships suggest a functional link between body and genome size, although its adaptiveness has not been settled. Impact of additional drivers like phylogeny or specific adaptations, however, was suggested by striking divergences in body size – genome size ratios among species. Thus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus, had fairly similar genome size despite very different body size, while P. norvegica, of similar body size as C. hyperboreus, had the largest genome sizes ever recorded from copepods. The inter‐ and intraspecific latitudinal body size clines suggest that climate change may have major impact on body size composition of keystone species in marine planktonic food webs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in body‐ and genome size in calanoid copepods from temperate and arctic waters

Leinaas

Jalal

Gabrielsen³

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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“…17 But this work largely ignores the fact that exponents of 0.75 have never been an established feature of the empirical database. Indeed, more recent empirical work has established that, once phylogenetic effects are accounted for (in other words, effects due to a shared evolutionary origin), the most parsimonious exponent is strongly dependent on the group being studied, [18][19][20] and there is no uniform scaling exponent -be it 0.66 or 0.75 -for either basal or maximal metabolic rate. 21 This widespread confusion over the most appropriate method for 'correcting' estimates of metabolism for body weight differences has led to a diversity of different approaches in the literature, which is replete with estimates of metabolism divided by body weight, or divided by 'metabolic weight', which is weight raised to 0.66 or weight raised to 0.75.…”

Section: Comparison Of Energy Expenditure In Lean and Obese Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some mathematical and technical issues in the measurement and interpretation of open-circuit indirect calorimetry in small animals

et al. 2006

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Indirect calorimetry is increasingly used to investigate why compounds or genetic manipulations affect body weight or composition in small animals. This review introduces the principles of indirect (primarily open-circuit) calorimetry and explains some common misunderstandings. It is not widely understood that in open-circuit systems in which carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is not removed from the air leaving the respiratory chamber, measurement of airflow out of the chamber and its oxygen (O 2 ) content paradoxically allows a more reliable estimate of energy expenditure (EE) than of O 2 consumption. If the CO 2 content of the exiting air is also measured, both O 2 consumption and CO 2 production, and hence respiratory quotient (RQ), can be calculated. Respiratory quotient coupled with nitrogen excretion allows the calculation of the relative combustion of the macronutrients only if measurements are over a period where interconversions of macronutrients that alter their pool sizes can be ignored. Changes in rates of O 2 consumption and CO 2 production are not instantly reflected in changes in the concentrations of O 2 and CO 2 in the air leaving the respiratory chamber. Consequently, unless air-flow is high and chamber size is small, or rates of change of O 2 and CO 2 concentrations are included in the calculations, maxima and minima are underestimated and will appear later than their real times. It is widely appreciated that bigger animals with more body tissue will expend more energy than smaller animals. A major issue is how to compare animals correcting for such differences in body size. Comparison of the EE or O 2 consumption per gram body weight of lean and obese animals is misleading because tissues vary in their energy requirements or in how they influence EE in other ways. Moreover, the contribution of fat to EE is lower than that of lean tissue. Use of metabolic mass for normalisation, based on interspecific scaling exponents (0.75 or 0.66), is similarly flawed. It is best to use analysis of covariance to determine the relationship of EE to body mass or fat-free mass within each group, and then test whether this relationship differs between groups.

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“…An emerging theory holds that cell size evolves according to a trade‐off between the capacity for and the efficiency of metabolism (Atkinson, Morley, & Hughes, 2006; Czarnoleski, Dragosz‐Kluska, & Angilletta, 2015; Czarnoleski et al., 2013; Kozłowski, Konarzewski, & Gawelczyk, 2003; Szarski, 1983). The optimal size balances the benefit of acquiring resources quickly against the cost of keeping membranes operational.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flies evolved small bodies and cells at high or fluctuating temperatures

Adrian

Czarnołęski

Angilletta

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Recent theory predicts that the sizes of cells will evolve according to fluctuations in body temperature. Smaller cells speed metabolism during periods of warming but require more energy to maintain and repair. To evaluate this theory, we studied the evolution of cell size in populations of Drosophila melanogaster held at either a constant temperature (16°C or 25°C) or fluctuating temperatures (16 and 25°C). Populations that evolved at fluctuating temperatures or a constant 25°C developed smaller thoraxes, wings, and cells than did flies exposed to a constant 16°C. The cells of flies from fluctuating environments were intermediate in size to those of flies from constant environments. Most genetic variation in cell size was independent of variation in wing size, suggesting that cell size was a target of selection. These evolutionary patterns accord with patterns of developmental plasticity documented previously. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms that underlie the selective advantage of small cells at high or fluctuating temperatures.

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Cell size as a link between noncoding DNA and metabolic rate scaling

Cited by 304 publications

References 46 publications

Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in body‐ and genome size in calanoid copepods from temperate and arctic waters

Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in body‐ and genome size in calanoid copepods from temperate and arctic waters

Some mathematical and technical issues in the measurement and interpretation of open-circuit indirect calorimetry in small animals

Flies evolved small bodies and cells at high or fluctuating temperatures

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