Cell responses to vertical and horizontal retinal disparities in the monkey visual cortex

González, Francisco; Relova, José Luis; Perez, Rogelio; Acuña, Carlos; Alonso, José Manuel

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90405-a

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This finer VD tuning is coherent with a functional role for this signal, given the fact that, in natural viewing, the VD range is smaller than the HD range. Moreover, the increase of naturally occurring VD with retinal eccentricity could explain the difference found between the VD sensitivity in foveal V1 (Gonzalez et al 1993), always centered on a VD value of 0°, and the one reported in this study, in parafoveal V1, extended to a larger eccentric angular scale. VD was tested on the preferred HD and not the contrary because it permitted us to rule out the noise hypothesis for the VD on the HD matching and to compare directly the HD encoding in parafoveal V1 to what has been reported in foveal V1 (Prince et al 2002a;Trotter 1995), but it is unlikely that the observed finer tuning for VD is due to an asymmetry in the experimental procedure.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…To our knowledge, von der Heydt et al (1978) were the first to test HD and VD selectivities but only on two cells. In behaving monkeys, Gonzalez et al (1993) have found two types of VD tuning profiles in foveal areas V1 and V2: TI-like and TE-like. Poggio (1995) reported in V3-V3A a consistent reduction of the visual response to HD when VD was added, with a TE-like tuning profile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurons in Parafoveal Areas V1 and V2 Encode Vertical and Horizontal Disparities

Durand

Zhu

Celebrini

et al. 2002

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Trotter. Neurons in parafoveal areas V1 and V2 encode vertical and horizontal disparities. J Neurophysiol 88: 2874 -2879, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00291.2002. Stereoscopic vision mainly relies on binocular horizontal disparity (HD), and its cortical encoding is well established in the foveal representation of the visual field. The role of vertical disparity (VD) is more controversial. Thus far, in the monkey, very few studies have investigated the HD sensitivity beyond 5°of retinal eccentricity and no evidence of a real encoding of VD exists in the parafoveal representation of areas V1 and V2. Using dynamic random dot stereograms, we have tested both HD and VD selectivities in the parafoveal representation of V1 (calcarine V1) and V2 (eccentricities Ͼ 10°) in a behaving monkey. HD and VD selectivities have been characterized using fitting with Gabor function. A large proportion of the tested cells were both HD and VD selective (47%) and, to a lesser extent, HD selective only (8%) or VD selective only (23%). We found a real encoding of VD, with the same diversity in the tuning profiles as described for HD, that cannot be assimilated to a simple perturbation of the HD matching process. Moreover, the VD encoding had a finer scale than the HD one, which is coherent with the smaller range of naturally occurring VD. For the HD encoding, both the percentage of selective cells and the tuning parameters were close to those reported in foveal V1. These results show that, at parafoveal eccentricities in V1 and V2, disparity detectors are tuned to both horizontal and vertical dimensions of the positional disparity existing between matched features in both retinas. I N T R O D U C T I O NThe retinal disparity of a physical point in space corresponds to the difference in location between its left and right retinal projections. It can be quantified as the angular difference between the two monocular visual directions associated with this point. In this way, its horizontal disparity (HD) is the difference between its left and right monocular azimuths, and its vertical disparity (VD) is the difference between the monocular elevations (Ogle 1962). Because the eye separation is in the horizontal dimension, HD and VD do not contain the same kind of information about the three-dimensional (3D) world. The horizontal component of the binocular disparity carries information about relative distances between points in space. Stereoscopic vision mainly relies on the HD signal, which is sufficient to drive a stereoscopic perception of depth (Julesz 1960). However, HD also varies as a function of the position of the viewed object respective to the head. VD carries information that theoretically permits disambiguation of the HD signal, and several models have been proposed to explain how HD and VD could interact to recover the 3D space with or without an extraretinal source of information on the position of the eyes in their orbit (Gårding et al. 1995;Koenderink and van Doorn 1976;Mayhew and Longuet-Higgins 1982;Weinshall 1990). Psychophysical expe...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurons in Parafoveal Areas V1 and V2 Encode Vertical and Horizontal Disparities

Durand

Zhu

Celebrini

et al. 2002

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…The experimental procedures are described in detail elsewhere ( Gonzalez et al . 1993a , b) and are briefly outlined here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interocular temporal delay sensitivity in the visual cortex of the awake monkey

Perez

González

Justo

et al. 1999

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Due to the separation of the eyes, temporal retinal disparities are created during binocular stimulation and they have been proposed to be the basis of several stereo-visual effects. This paper studies the sensitivity of cortical neurons from area V1 to interocular temporal delay in the awake monkey (Macaca mulatta). Forty-four cells were included in this study. Temporal delay sensitivity was observed in 59% of them. About half of these temporal-delay-sensitive cells were also sensitive to the stimulation sequence of the eyes. The cells that preferred one eye to be stimulated first were termed asymmetrical (46%); those which were not sensitive to the eye sequence of stimulation were termed symmetrical (54%). No clear differences were observed in the distribution of delay-sensitive cells according to their eye dominance. Fifty-six percent of balanced cells and 65% of unbalanced cells were sensitive to interocular delay. These data underline the importance of temporal cues for depth perception.

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“…However, the current physiological literature is inconclusive. Some workers have reported cells tuned to clearly nonzero vertical disparities, supporting a 2D distribution (Durand, Celebrini, & Trotter, 2007;Durand, Zhu, Celebrini, & Trotter, 2002;Gonzalez, Relova, Perez, Acuña, & Alonso, 1993;Trotter, Celebrini, & Durand, 2004), while others have reported essentially no cells tuned to disparities significantly different from zero (Cumming, 2002;Gonzalez, Justo, Bermudez, & Perez, 2003;Maunsell & Van Essen, 1983;Poggio, 1995). One obvious reason for conflict concerns the range of eccentricities used.…”

Section: Figures 2c and 2dmentioning

confidence: 91%

Stereo vision requires an explicit encoding of vertical disparity

Serrano‐Pedraza

Read

2009

Journal of Vision

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Vertical disparities influence the perception of 3D depth, but little is known about the neuronal mechanisms underlying this. One possibility is that these perceptual effects are mediated by an explicit encoding of two-dimensional disparity. Recently, J. C. A. Read and B. G. Cumming (2006) pointed out that current psychophysical and physiological evidence is consistent with a much more economical one-dimensional encoding. Almost all relevant information about vertical disparity could in theory be extracted from the activity of purely horizontal-disparity sensors. Read and Cumming demonstrated that such a 1D system would experience Ogle's induced effect, a famous illusion produced by vertical disparity. Here, we test whether the brain employs this 1D encoding, using a version of the induced effect stimulus that simulates the viewing geometry at infinity and thus removes the cues which are otherwise available to the 1D model. This condition was compared to the standard induced effect stimulus, presented on a frontoparallel screen at finite viewing distance. We show that the induced effects experienced under the two conditions are indistinguishable. This rules out the 1D model proposed by Read and Cumming and shows that vertical disparity, including sign, must be explicitly encoded across the visual field.

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Cell responses to vertical and horizontal retinal disparities in the monkey visual cortex

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

Neurons in Parafoveal Areas V1 and V2 Encode Vertical and Horizontal Disparities

Neurons in Parafoveal Areas V1 and V2 Encode Vertical and Horizontal Disparities

Interocular temporal delay sensitivity in the visual cortex of the awake monkey

Stereo vision requires an explicit encoding of vertical disparity

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