Cell-loaded injectable gelatin/alginate/LAPONITE® nanocomposite hydrogel promotes bone healing in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model

Abstract

<p>An injectable cell-laden nanocomposite hydrogel simulate natural ECM, promote cell proliferation, and accelerate bone healing of critical-size rat calvarial defects.</p>

Potential of Laponite® incorporated oxidized alginate–gelatin (ADA‐GEL) composite hydrogels for extrusion‐based 3D printing

“…1 Biomaterials are utilized as tissue scaffolds creating an appropriate 3D environment which not only can simulate the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) until new tissue is rebuilt but also degrades in a suitable rate coordinated with the rate of tissue regeneration. [2][3][4] During degradation, scaffolds should avoid the release of cytotoxic substances which will cause inflammatory response and even cell death. 2,5 An ideal scaffold should satisfy several important properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-allergenicity, high porosity, mechanical competence and, last but not least, they should be cost effective and reproducible.…”

“…12,14 Gelatin (GEL), produced by denaturation of collagen, which involves breaking of the triple helix structure of collagen into random coils, is a highly biocompatible and biodegradable protein widely used in biomedical applications such as TE, wound dressing, gene therapy, and drug delivery. 4,11,13 Furthermore, gelatin exposes cell adhesion peptides with the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence of collagen, which enhances cellmaterial interactions and promotes cell adhesion and proliferation for tissue regeneration. 4,11,13,14 The insufficient mechanical properties and rapid degradation hinder the application of pure gelatin in TE scaffolds.…”

“…4,11,13 Furthermore, gelatin exposes cell adhesion peptides with the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence of collagen, which enhances cellmaterial interactions and promotes cell adhesion and proliferation for tissue regeneration. 4,11,13,14 The insufficient mechanical properties and rapid degradation hinder the application of pure gelatin in TE scaffolds. 11,12 The drawbacks of alginate and gelatin can be overcome by combining gelatin with alginate di-aldehyde (ADA) through covalent crosslinking leading to ADA-GEL.…”

“…[16][17][18] Nanoclays are 2-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials composed of disk-shaped nanoscale crystals with approximately 25 nm in diameter and 0.92 nm in thickness. 4,7,16,17,19 Within the crystals, layer units composed by two tetrahedral silica sheets sandwich one Mg 2+ -containing octahedral sheet. Because of the empiri- ).…”

“…Because of the empiri- ). 4,16,19,20 In the disk-like structure, a negative charge is present on the platelet surfaces, whereas positive charges are distributed along the surface edges due to the interlayer cations. 16,17,20 Thus, LP nanoclays can be easily dispersed in water in a state of disk-like crystal colloids.…”