Cell‐laden Microengineered and Mechanically Tunable Hybrid Hydrogels of Gelatin and Graphene Oxide

Graphene Oxide/Polymer‐Based Biomaterials

“…1.2% GO/polyacrylamide hydrogel for peripheral nerve regeneration (tension) [46] 38 MPa N/A N/A Skin [152] 1-30 MPa 15-150 MPa 30-115 1 wt% GO/PVA for load-bearing tissue substitutes (compression) [135] 17 MPa 60 kPa N/A 0.1 wt% GO/PVA (compression) [38] 2.8 MPa N/A N/A 1 wt% GO/cellulose/PVA (tension) [39] 0.73 MPa N/A 240 1 mg ml À1 GO/carboxymethyl chitosan/KGM for wound dressing (compression) [48] 208 kPa 1.11 MPa N/A GO/polyacrylamide/agar (compression) [122] 332 kPa N/A 4600 2 mg ml À1 GO/GelMa hydrogel for cardiac patches (tension) [47] 977 kPa 24 kPa 55 1 mg ml À1 GO/gelatin hydrogel for muscle tissue engineering (rheometry measurement) [102] N/A 3.42 kPa N/A www.advancedsciencenews.com www.aem-journal.com engineering applications. The incorporation of GO in polymer was found to improve the physical and biological properties of the composites.…”

“…Figure 2 shows the mechanical properties of GO/polymer nanocomposites. [47] crosslinking properties 5 mg ml À1 GO/CMC [48] Hydrogel by blending in distilled water NIH-3T3 GO incorporation improved compressive strength and modulus. Also GO incorporated hydrogels were biocompatible 0.5-5 wt%GO/PLLA/PU [22] 3D porous structure by 3D printing NIH3T3 GO enhanced mechanical and thermal properties.…”

“…[71,102] Therefore, GO/gelatin hydrogels were only suggested for soft tissue engineering applications such as cardiac patches and muscle tissue engineering. [47,93,157] Hydrogels with a higher stiffness are suggested for load-bearing applications such as EDDET crosslinked GO/PVA hydrogels. [135] …”

“…Gelatin methacrylate (GelMa) which is a photocrosslinkable hydrogel is effective for production of 3D cell laden hydrogels. [101,47] Shin et al [47] produced NIH3T3 fibroblast-laden GO/ GelMa hydrogels. The methacrylate groups of GelMa were crosslinked with UV irradiation.…”

Hydrogels for cardiac tissue engineering

“…Similarly, graphene oxide was incorporated into GelMA hydrogels to generate electrically conductive hydrogels. 50 Development of such biocompatible conductive hydrogel systems is of vital importance for myocardial regeneration research.…”