Cell-Free Supernatants (CFSs) from the Culture of Bacillus subtilis Inhibit Pseudomonas sp. Biofilm Formation

Abstract

Biofilm inhibition has been identified as a novel drug target for the development of broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Although several plant-based compounds have been reported to have anti-biofilm properties, research on the anti-biofilm properties of bacterial bioactive compounds has been sparse. In this study, the efficacy of compounds from a cell-free supernatant of Bacillus subtilis against a biofilm formation of Pseudomonas sp. was studied through in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Here, in well diffusion method, Bacillus subtilis demonstrated antibacterial activity, and more than 50% biofilm inhibition activity against Pseudomonas sp. was exhibited through in vitro studies. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation gave insights into the possible mode of action of the bacterial volatile compounds identified through GC-MS to inhibit the biofilm-formation protein (PDB ID: 7M1M) of Pseudomonas sp. The binding energy revealed from docking studies ranged from −2.3 to −7.0 kcal mol−1. Moreover, 1-(9H-Fluoren-2-yl)-2-(1-phenyl-1H-ttetrazole5-ylsulfanyl)-ethanone was found to be the best-docked compound through ADMET and pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, MD simulations further supported the in vitro studies and formed a stable complex with the tested protein. Thus, this study gives an insight into the development of new antibiotics to combat multi-drug-resistant bacteria.

Integrated Computational Approaches for Inhibiting Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Male Infertility by Screening Potent Phytochemicals

“…The complexes’ hydrogen bonds were evaluated since they play a vital role in sustaining the integrity and stability of the docked complexes during the simulation [ 75 ]. The complexes of cryptomisrine–SHBG, dorsilurin E–SHBG, isoiguesterin–SHBG, and anastrozole–SHBG produced a significant number of hydrogen bonds, indicating a robust and rigid complex throughout the simulation ( Figure 4 d).…”

“…In general, lower RMSFs correspond to a higher rigidness. It is evident from the lower RMSFs of the top three complexes that they remained stable throughout the simulation [ 75 ]. With the largest peak occurring at 120 amino acid residues, the RMSF value for the complex containing anastrozole was larger on average than that of the other three complexes.…”

Bio-fungicidal impact of volatile and non-volatile compounds from Bacillus paramycoides for the management of Trichoderma-induced green mold on mushrooms

“…A similar type of inhibition was observed in our research (Table 5). Further, VOCs, for example, Azulene produced by B. subtilis (Islam et al 2022), Tetradecene produced by Bacillus species (Zhang et al 2023), Nitrobenzene produced by B. licheniformis, have been reported to combat the fungal pathogens through their volatile action. In addition, Bacillus species also produce volatiles, particularly 2,3-butanediol, and acetone, moreover, other bacteria can also produce organic volatile compounds such as alcohols, esters, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, terpenes, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds (Schulz et al 2010;Lammers et al 2022;Xiaowen et al 2020;Calvo et al 2020;Morita et al 2019) that has been reported to inhibit spore germination by fungal pathogens.…”

Klebsiella pneumoniae Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Protect Artemia salina from Fish Pathogen Aeromonas sp.: A Combined In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach

“…Moreover, the volatile compound 1-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-2-(1-phenyl-1H-ttetrazole5-ylsulfanyl)-ethanone from Bacillus subtilis was identified as a potential anti-biofilm compound to combat antibiotic resistance brought on by Pseudomonas sp. through in silico studies [ 14 ]. Here, 77 compounds were docked through Auto Dock Vina ( Table S2 ), 8 potential compounds were selected, and 3 of the most competent compounds were selected for simulation.…”

“…These VOCs are small molecules produced by primary and secondary metabolic processes. Several bacterial volatile nitrogenous compounds formed during secondary metabolism have been identified and characterized for their antioxidant, bactericidal, fungicidal, algicidal, and anticancer activities [ 14 , 15 ]. Moreover, microorganisms’ ability to create a wide range of structurally varied volatile chemicals has been known for decades, but their biological functions and antibacterial properties have only lately received attention.…”