Cell division pattern influences gene expression in the shoot apical meristem

Wyrzykowska, Joanna; Fleming, Andrew J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0930352100

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Precise control of transcription is achievable using inducible promoters in combination with microinduction, where the chemical inducer is embedded in a paste and applied under the microscope [53]. Microinduction has been used in combination with a tetracycline-inducible promoter driving expression of expansin and phragmoplastin, enabling control of gene expression in small areas within the meristem [53,54]. Among the inducible systems, the alcohol-inducible switch -based on components of the alc regulon, including AlcR transcriptional activator and alcA promoter of Aspergillus nidulans [55] -has been considered as one of the most promising in a wide range of model and crop plants.…”

Section: Inducible Promotersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divide and conquer: development and cell cycle genes in plant transformation

Arias

Filichkin

Strauss

2006

Trends in Biotechnology

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Section: Inducible Promotersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divide and conquer: development and cell cycle genes in plant transformation

Arias

Filichkin

Strauss

2006

Trends in Biotechnology

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“…Studies of mutations with pleiotropic effects frequently describe morphological or cellular changes in the leaves, whereas the effect on other shoot organs, especially the different floral organs, is treated less profoundly (Hu et al, 2003;Smith et al, 1996;Tsuge et al, 1996;Tsukaya, 2003;Wyrzykowska et al, 2002;Wyrzykowska and Fleming, 2003). We review below some of the genes for which detailed descriptions of floral phenotypes are available.…”

Section: Genes That Affect Floral Organ Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic control of floral size and proportions

2005

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Floral size is an ecologically important trait related to pollination success and genetic fitness. Independently of the sexual reproduction strategy, in many plants, floral size seems to be controlled by several genetic programs that are to some extent independent of vegetative growth. Flower size seems to be governed by at least two independent mechanisms, one controlling floral architecture that affects organ number and a second one controlling floral organ size. Different organ-dependent growth control may account for the final proportions of a flower as a whole. Genes controlling floral organ identity, floral symmetry and organ polarity as well as auxin and gibberellin response, also play a role in establishing the final size and architecture of the flower. The final size of an organ seems to be controlled by a systemic signal that might in some cases overcome transgenic modifications of cell division and expansion. Nevertheless, modification of basic processes like cell wall deposition might produce important changes in the floral organs. The coordination of the direction of cell division and expansion by unknown mechanisms poses a challenge for future research. KEY WORDS: floral meristem, cell cycle, systemic signal, floral patterning, floral architectureThe final shape and body size of multicellular organisms is the result of a genetic program and the influence of environmental conditions. In animals and plants the intrinsic growth rate is modulated by nutrient availability that determines the final size of the organism. In animals, both body size and longevity are to some extent controlled by the insulin pathway that is in itself dependent on nutrient conditions (Nijhout, 2003). But one important difference between plants and animals is that in plants, the formation of the different organs happens after embryonic development, thus not only organ or body size is influenced by environmental clues but also the types of organs produced. Our understanding of the way final plant size is achieved has been obtained using two different approaches: physiologists have tried to understand the roles of the so called plant growth regulators and environmental signals on plant development whereas geneticists have concentrated their efforts in finding mutants, genes or natural variation affecting growth in any of its forms. Although these two research lines appear separate, the reality is that they have been linked by an enormous amount of work done by plant breeders studying gene and environment interactions on agricultural traits that are related to growth, like yield, fruit size, biomass production etc. The efforts done in the model system Arabidopsis have helped to bring together the more basic approaches since mutations affected in plant growth regulator synthesis, degradation and Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49: 513-525 (2005) Which are the mechanisms that control the final size of an organism is a question without a clear answer yet. There are two basic processes that could contribute to its control: cell divis...

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“…Recent growth models of Antirrhinum petal lobes reveal that the generation of asymmetric shape depends on the direction of growth rather than on regional differences in growth rates (Rolland-Lagan et al, 2003). It has been shown that the induction of non-anticlinal divisions in the tunica layers of tobacco shoot apices leads to alterations in key regulators of SAM maintenance but fails to induce morphogenesis (Wyrzykowska and Fleming, 2003). However, it can be argued that the maintenance of structured anticlinal divisions in the tunica layer, such as the ones described in this study, might be essential for morphogenesis to occur.…”

Section: Cell Behavior and Primordium Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time lineage analysis reveals oriented cell divisions associated with morphogenesis at the shoot apex ofArabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2004

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Precise knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns of cell division,including number and orientation of divisions, and knowledge of cell expansion, is central to understanding morphogenesis. Our current knowledge of cell division patterns during plant and animal morphogenesis is largely deduced from analysis of clonal shapes and sizes. But such an analysis can reveal only the number, not the orientation or exact rate, of cell divisions. In this study, we have analyzed growth in real time by monitoring individual cell divisions in the shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The live imaging technique has led to the development of a spatial and temporal map of cell division patterns. We have integrated cell behavior over time to visualize growth. Our analysis reveals temporal variation in mitotic activity and the cell division is coordinated across clonally distinct layers of cells. Temporal variation in mitotic activity is not correlated to the estimated plastochron length and diurnal rhythms. Cell division rates vary across the SAM surface. Cells in the peripheral zone (PZ)divide at a faster rate than in the central zone (CZ). Cell division rates in the CZ are relatively heterogeneous when compared with PZ cells. We have analyzed the cell behavior associated with flower primordium development starting from a stage at which the future flower comprises four cells in the L1 epidermal layer. Primordium development is a sequential process linked to distinct cellular behavior. Oriented cell divisions, in primordial progenitors and in cells located proximal to them, are associated with initial primordial outgrowth. The oriented cell divisions are followed by a rapid burst of cell expansion and cell division, which transforms a flower primordium into a three-dimensional flower bud. Distinct lack of cell expansion is seen in a narrow band of cells, which forms the boundary region between developing flower bud and the SAM. We discuss these results in the context of SAM morphogenesis.

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Cell division pattern influences gene expression in the shoot apical meristem

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

Divide and conquer: development and cell cycle genes in plant transformation

Divide and conquer: development and cell cycle genes in plant transformation

Genetic control of floral size and proportions

Real-time lineage analysis reveals oriented cell divisions associated with morphogenesis at the shoot apex ofArabidopsis thaliana

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