Cell Division and Expansion in the Growth of the Leaf

Sunderland, N.

doi:10.1093/jxb/11.1.68

Cited by 99 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The developmental pattern displayed by G. max fits this hypothesis well. Leaves undergoing the most growth by cell expansion are those intermediate between the youngest and the first fully expanded leaves (Sunderland, 1960). In our experiments with G. max, these immature, presumably rapidly expanding leaves emitted methanol at the greatest rates (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)

et al. 1995

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We recently reported the detection of methanol emissions from leaves (R. MacDonald, R. Fall 119931 Atmos Environ 27A: 1709-171 3). This could represent a substantial flux of methanol to the atmosphere. Leaf methanol production and emission have not been investigated in detail, in part because of difficulties in sampling and analyzing methanol. In this study we used an enzymatic method to convert methanol to a fluorescent product and verified that leaves from severa1 species emit methanol. Methanol was emitted almost exclusively from the abaxial surfaces of hypostomatous leaves but from both surfaces of amphistomatous leaves, suggesting that methano1 exits leaves via stomates. The role of stomatal conductance was verified in experiments in which stomates were induced to close, resulting in reduced methanol. Free methanol was detected in bean leaf extracts, ranging from 26.8 pg g-' fresh weight in young leaves to 10.0 pg g-' fresh weight in older leaves. Methanol emission was related to leaf development, generally declining with increasing leaf age after leaf expansion; this is consistent with volatilization from a cellular pool that declines in older leaves. It is possible that leaf emission could be a major source of methanol found in the atmosphere of forests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)

et al. 1995

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“…As development continues, division persists but cell expansion becomes an important component of leaf growth. When the leaf approaches maturity, growth continues despite cessation of division (7,10,15). If a similar developmental plan exists in field pennycress, then the loss of sensitivity to GA3 observed in older leaves (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Gibberellins and Light Regulated Petiole Growth in Thlaspi arvense L

Metzger¹

1988

Plant Physiol.

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Petiole growth in Thlaspi arvense L. was stimulated when a basic 8 hour photoperiod (4.20 milliwatts per square centimeter) was extended with low intensity light (0.16 milliwatt per square centimeter) from incandescent lamps. The day length extension was effective only when the light contained high proportions of far red light. Exogenous gibberellin A3 (GA3) could partially substitute for the promotive effect of the extended photoperiod. Moreover, the GA biosynthesis inhibitor 2-chlorocholine chloride inhibited the increase in petiole growth induced by the extended photoperiod. However, evidence was obtained indicating that gibberellins do not mediate the effect of the extended photoperiod. First, petiole growth was greater in plants receiving both exogenous GA3 and a day length extension than the sum of the effects of the two treatments alone. Second, petioles were sensitive to exogenous GA3 only during the early stages of leaf development, whereas mature (but not senescent) leaves continued to respond to an extension of the photoperiod. Third, the cellular basis for growth induced by extending the photoperiod was different from that observed with GA3. It was concluded that light and gibberellins are both important in the overall regulation of petiole growth, but act through independent mechanisms.Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is a winter annual weed that has a cold requirement for stem elongation and flowering. Work in this laboratory has been focused on the role of GAs' in the environmental control of stem elongation in this species (8,9). During the course of these studies we observed that photoperiod exerts a strong influence on leaf growth, particularly petiole length. Petioles from plants that had been transferred to LD were longer than from plants maintained under SD. Furthermore, application of GA3 to plants in SD caused petioles to elongate, thereby mimicking the effect of LD. These observations suggest that GAs may mediate the observed LD-induced increase in petiole growth. Indeed, evidence for a role of GAs in this phenomenon in spinach has been published (21). Thus, in the present paper we report the results of experiments with two objectives in mind: first, to characterize more completely the role of light in the regulation of petiole growth in field pennycress; and second, to test the hypothesis that GAs mediate LD-induced petiole growth. pots filled with vermiculite. The pots were continuously subirrigated with one-quarter strength Hoagland solution (1). The plants were grown under SD conditions at 21°C until they were ready for use, approximately 6 weeks after germination. MATERIALS AND METHODSLight Treatments. SD treatments consisted of 8 h of light from fluorescent and incandescent lamps (4.20 mW cm-2) followed by 16 h of darkness. LD treatments were composed of the same basic 8 h photoperiod as SD followed by 16 h of low intensity illumination from incandescent lamps (0.16 mW cm-2).The spectral dependency of the LD response was investigated by subjecting plants to 16 h of low ...

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“…In general, dicot leaves do not show strong developmental polarity in their overall patterns of cell growth and expansion (Sunderland, 1960;Scott and Possingham, 1982;Poethig, 1987;Steeves and Sussex, 1988). In dicot leaves, cell division generates files of cells that are somewhat developmentally polarized from the base to the leaf edge, but with further intercalary anticlinal divisions occurring in all directions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Sink-to-Source Transition Is Coordinated with Establishment of Cell-Specific Gene Expression in a C4 Plant.

et al. 1993

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Plants that use the highly efficient C4 photosynthetic pathway possess two types of specialized leaf cells, the mesophyll and bundle sheath. In mature C4 leaves, the C02 fixation enzyme ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) is specifically compartmentalized to the bundle sheath cells. However, in very young leaves of amaranth, a dicotyledonous C4 plant, genes encoding the large subunit and small subunit of RuBPCase are initially expressed in both photosynthetic cell types. We show here that the RuBPCase mRNAs and proteins become specifically localized to leaf bundle sheath cells during the developmental transition of the leaf from carbon sink to carbon source. Bundle sheath cell-specific expression of RuBPCase genes and the sink-to-source transition began initially at the leaf apex and progressed rapidly and coordinately toward the leaf base. These findings demonstrated that two developmental transitions, the change in photoassimilate transport status and the establishment of bundle sheath cell-specific RuBPCase gene expression, are tightly coordinated during C4 leaf development. This correlation suggests that processes associated with the accumulation and transport of photosynthetic compounds may influence patterns of photosynthetic gene expression in C4 plants. INTRODUCTIONRibulose-1 5bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) is located in the chloroplasts of all higher plants and is the principal enzyme in photosynthetic carbon fixation. This enzyme is composed of two subunits, the chloroplast-encoded large subunit (LSU) and the nuclear-encoded small subunit (SSU) (Ellis, 1981; Miziorko and Lorimer, 1983). In plant species that utilize the C3 photosynthetic pathway, RuBPCase is found in all of the photosynthetic cells of the leaf. In mature leaves of plants that utilize the more complex C4 photosynthetic pathway, RuBPCase is specifically localized to one specialized cell type, the bundle sheath cells (Hatch and Slack, 1970;Edwards and Huber, 1981). Bundle sheath cells in C4 leaves occur as one or two rings around each of the leaf veins. Mesophyll cells, the other photosynthetic cell type in C4 plants, surround each ring of bundle sheath cells in one or more layers.The two types of photosynthetic cells compartmentalize the different reactions of the C4 pathway (Hatch and Slack, 1970;Gutierrez et al., 1974;Edwards and Huber, 1981). In C4 plants, the initial fixation of atmospheric COe is accomplished by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, which is found only in mesophyll cells. The carboxylation phase of the C4 pathway in mesophyll cells produces C4 acids, which are then transported to neighboring bundle sheath cells. In bundle sheath cells, decarboxylation of the C4 acids releases COn To whom correspondence should be addressed.for refixation by RuBPCase. These reactions cause COn to be concentrated in bundle sheath cells in the vicinity of RuBPCase, thereby increasing photosynthetic efficiency and reducing metabolically wasteful photorespiration caused by the oxygenase activity of this enzyme.The ...

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Cell Division and Expansion in the Growth of the Leaf

Cited by 99 publications

References 3 publications

Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)

Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)

Gibberellins and Light Regulated Petiole Growth in Thlaspi arvense L

Carbon Sink-to-Source Transition Is Coordinated with Establishment of Cell-Specific Gene Expression in a C4 Plant.

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