Cell‐Derived Vesicles for Nanoparticles' Coating: Biomimetic Approaches for Enhanced Blood Circulation and Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Cancer nanomedicines are designed to encapsulate different therapeutic agents, prevent their premature release, and deliver them specifically to cancer cells, due to their ability to preferentially accumulate in tumor tissue. However, after intravenous administration, nanoparticles immediately interact with biological components that facilitate their recognition by the immune system, being rapidly removed from circulation. Reports show that less than 1% of the administered nanoparticles effectively reach the tumor site. This suboptimal pharmacokinetic profile is pointed out as one of the main factors for the nanoparticles' suboptimal therapeutic effectiveness and poor translation to the clinic. Therefore, an extended blood circulation time may be crucial to increase the nanoparticles' chances of being accumulated in the tumor and promote a site‐specific delivery of therapeutic agents. For that purpose, the understanding of the forces that govern the nanoparticles' interaction with biological components and the impact of the physicochemical properties on the in vivo fate will allow the development of novel and more effective nanomedicines. Therefore, in this review, the nano–bio interactions are summarized. Moreover, the application of cell‐derived vesicles for extending the blood circulation time and tumor accumulation is reviewed, focusing on the advantages and shortcomings of each cell source.

Hybrid Lymphatic Drug Delivery Vehicles as a New Avenue for Targeted Therapy: Lymphatic Trafficking, Applications, Challenges, and Future Horizons

“…Accordingly, hybrid LDDS can be developed by combining membranes isolated from different cell types or even other synthetic materials by coextrusion (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). Therefore, the hybrid cargoes present a structure comprising the different constituents of the original cells (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). In this way, hybrid nanomaterials prolonged blood circulation time with increased tumor specificity (Rodrigues et al 2022 ).…”

“…Therefore, the hybrid cargoes present a structure comprising the different constituents of the original cells (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). In this way, hybrid nanomaterials prolonged blood circulation time with increased tumor specificity (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). The immune cells could be utilized to engineer lymphotropic LDDS with key ligands for the receptors present in HEV to allow their targeting of the lymph nodes (Girard et al 2012 ).…”

“…The immune cells could be utilized to engineer lymphotropic LDDS with key ligands for the receptors present in HEV to allow their targeting of the lymph nodes (Girard et al 2012 ). Herein, the nanomaterials are camouflaged with macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells or vesicles–derived from immune cells (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). Specifically, the vesicles originating from T cells can maintain the T cell receptors that are capable of binding to tumor-derived antigens and constructing a promising tumor-targeted nanomaterial (Rodrigues et al 2022 ).…”

“…Herein, the nanomaterials are camouflaged with macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells or vesicles–derived from immune cells (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). Specifically, the vesicles originating from T cells can maintain the T cell receptors that are capable of binding to tumor-derived antigens and constructing a promising tumor-targeted nanomaterial (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). Similarly, natural killer cells camouflage nanoparticles to bind malignant cells specifically and stimulate their apoptosis via surface death ligands receptors interaction (Rodrigues et al 2022 ).…”

“…Specifically, the vesicles originating from T cells can maintain the T cell receptors that are capable of binding to tumor-derived antigens and constructing a promising tumor-targeted nanomaterial (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). Similarly, natural killer cells camouflage nanoparticles to bind malignant cells specifically and stimulate their apoptosis via surface death ligands receptors interaction (Rodrigues et al 2022 ). This ligand-receptor interaction is explored by the nanomaterials to potentiate anticancer effectiveness (Rodrigues et al 2022 ).…”