“…This phenomenon of orchestrated cell demise is required by multicellular life forms for the sculpting of organs (such as interdigital regions in mammalian limbs; Jacobson et al , 1997 ), removal of undesirable structures (as in the metamorphosis of tadpoles; Nishikawa and Hayashi, 1995 ; Jiang et al , 1997 ), elimination of unhealthy or noxious cells ( Cohen, 1991 ; Ju et al , 1995 ; Asplund-Samuelsson et al , 2012 ), and control of cell number, which pay off as enhanced overall fitness of the organism. Besides, the significance of PCD in stress and immune responses is also well recognized ( Ameisen, 2002 ; Knight and Melino, 2011 ; Favaloro et al , 2012 ; Green and Levine, 2014 ; Allocati et al , 2015 ). As with animals, cell death is essential for plants as the process is involved in growth, differentiation, and stress responses.…”