Cell death and regeneration in the midgut of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus

Okuda, K; Almeida, Fabio de; Mortara, Renato Arruda; Krieger, Henrique; Marinotti, Osvaldo; Bijovsky, A. Tania

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.07.005

Cited by 54 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Thus, it plays an important role in controlling the number of cells in each organ (Maghsoudi et al 2012). Many stress factors that originate from the external environment can disrupt and damage cell organelles, causing the activation of the cell death pathways (Okuda et al 2007;Menze et al 2010;Maghsoudi et al 2012;Jain et al 2013;Teixeira et al 2013;Lipovšek and Novak 2015). Among all of the processes of cell death that are known, only apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy have been clearly described in the digestive epithelium of invertebrates (Parthasarathy and Palli 2007;Park and Takeda 2008;Park et al 2009;Tettamanti et al 2011;Franzetti et al 2012;Rost-Roszkowska et al 2008, 2015bLipovšek and Novak 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptosis and necrosis during the circadian cycle in the centipede midgut

et al. 2015

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Three types of cells have been distinguished in the midgut epithelium of two centipedes, Lithobius forficatus and Scolopendra cingulata: digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells. According to the results of our previous studies, we decided to analyze the relationship between apoptosis and necrosis in their midgut epithelium and circadian rhythms. Ultrastructural analysis showed that these processes proceed in a continuous manner that is independent of the circadian rhythm in L. forficatus, while in S. cingulata necrosis is activated at midnight. Additionally, the description of apoptosis and necrosis showed no differences between males and females of both species analyzed. At the beginning of apoptosis, the cell cytoplasm becomes electron-dense, apparently in response to shrinkage of the cell. Organelles such as the mitochondria, cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum transform and degenerate. Nuclei gradually assume lobular shapes before the apoptotic cell is discharged into the midgut lumen. During necrosis, however, the cytoplasm of the cell becomes electron-lucent, and the number of organelles decreases. While the digestive cells of about 10 % of L. forficatus contain rickettsia-like pathogens, the corresponding cells in S. cingulata are free of rickettsia. As a result, we can state that apoptosis in L. forficatus is presumably responsible for protecting the organism against infections, while in S. cingulata apoptosis is not associated with the elimination of pathogens. Necrosis is attributed to mechanical damage, and the activation of this process coincides with proliferation of the midgut regenerative cells at midnight in S. cingulata.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptosis and necrosis during the circadian cycle in the centipede midgut

et al. 2015

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“…http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/246306 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jan. 10, 2018; 4 midgut, apoptosis and regeneration of midgut epithelial cells, and altered permeability of the basal lamina layer-that could enhance or accelerate virus dissemination out of the midgut 20,21 .…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successive Bloodmeals Enhance Virus Dissemination Within Mosquitoes And Increase Transmission Potential

Armstrong

Ehrlich

Bransfield

et al. 2018

Preprint

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SUMMARY PARAGRAPH:The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemics highlight the explosive nature of arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 1,2 .Vector competence and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) are two key entomological parameters used to assess the public health risk posed by arboviruses 3 . These are typically measured empirically by offering mosquitoes an infectious bloodmeal and temporally sampling mosquitoes to determine infection and transmission status. This approach has been used for the better part of a century; however, it does not accurately capture the biology and behavior of many mosquito vectors which refeed frequently (every 2-3 days) 4 . Here we demonstrate that administration of a second non-infectious bloodmeal significantly shortens the EIP of ZIKVinfected Ae. aegypti by enhancing virus escape from the mosquito midgut. Similarly, a second bloodmeal increased the competence of this species for dengue virus and CHIKV. This effect was also observed for ZIKV in Aedes albopictus, suggesting that this species might be a more important vector than once thought and that this phenomenon may be common among other virus-vector pairings. Modeling of these findings reveals that a shortened EIP would result in a significant increase in the basic reproductive number, R0. This increase helps explain how Ae.aegypti can sustain an explosive epidemic like ZIKV despite its relatively poor vector competence in single-feed laboratory trials. Together, these data demonstrate a direct and unrecognized link between mosquito feeding behavior, EIP, and vector competence.. CC-BY 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/246306 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jan. 10, 2018; 3 MAIN TEXT:Arthropod-borne (arbo)viruses represent an ongoing threat to human health as shown by the emergence and global spread of dengue virus (DENV; Flaviviridae), chikungunya virus (CHIKV; Togaviridae), and Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae) 5,6 . These three arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and are known to cause disease outbreaks with high attack rates, necessitating research into the factors regulating virus transmission. The urbandwelling mosquito Aedes aegypti serves as a particularly efficient vector because it feeds predominately and frequently on human hosts (every 2-3 days) thereby increasing the frequency of host contact [7][8][9] . Nevertheless, in laboratory trials, Ae. aegypti populations from endemic regions often exhibit unexpectedly low vector competence values for their arboviruses as measured by the proportion of mosquitoes that become infected and transmit a pathogen after ingesting virus [10][11][12][13][14] . In these studies, mosquitoes are offered one initial bloodmeal, infected with the virus in question, and are not allowed to refeed again, as is standard practice for assessing vector competence. ...

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“…In our study, although cell survival of frozen larvae was consistently lower in frozen larvae, the amount of mortality remained relatively constant until the fifth cycle. One possible explanation for this result is that insect midgut tissue has high cell turnover and rapid regeneration of dead cells (Okuda et al, 2007); thus the cumulative effects of multiple freeze cycles are not as dramatic because previously dead cells have already been removed. Also, to reduce variability, we only selected live, non-moribund larvae for dissection, so we likely missed the true range in cell survival.…”

Section: Freezing But Not Cold Per Se Causes Significant Tissue Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and energetic costs of repeated cold exposure in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica: a comparison between frozen and supercooled larvae

Teets

Kawarasaki

Lee

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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There was an error published in J. Exp. Biol. 214,[806][807][808][809][810][811][812][813][814] In calculating the metabolite levels (i.e. lipid, glycogen, trehalose, glucose and glycerol) and energy content values (Figs2 and 3), an incorrect correction factor was applied in the last step of the calculation. The correct metabolite and energy content values can be obtained by multiplying the values that appear in the manuscript by a factor of 2.

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Cell death and regeneration in the midgut of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus

Cited by 54 publications

References 28 publications

Apoptosis and necrosis during the circadian cycle in the centipede midgut

Apoptosis and necrosis during the circadian cycle in the centipede midgut

Successive Bloodmeals Enhance Virus Dissemination Within Mosquitoes And Increase Transmission Potential

Survival and energetic costs of repeated cold exposure in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica: a comparison between frozen and supercooled larvae

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