“…Inclusion criteria were patients aged at least 18 years, chest X-ray and chest computer tomography (CT) scan showed pleural effusion accompanied by a peripheral lesion tumor mass and underwent thoracentesis or water-sealed drainage (WSD) procedures, TTNA, and core biopsy who were willing to participate in this study. Exclusion criteria were lung tumor patients with signs of sepsis, history of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, thrombocytopenia less than 50,000, international normalized ratio (INR) <1.5, use of mechanical ventilation, history of contralateral pneumonectomy, symptomatic heart failure, uncontrolled cough, and/or no cooperative, suspected hydatid cyst, arteriovenous malformation, bullae around tumor lesions, and mediastinal tumors [10], [11], [12].…”