Cell Behavior in Tissue Cultures

Goodrich, H. B.

doi:10.2307/1536726

Cited by 58 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Second, there are indeed several examples of this mode of movement in the literature, both in vivo and in vitro, so these movements are not unique to these cells. Cells that exhibit this mode of motility have sometimes been referred to as "canoe" cells due to their shape and include Fundulus mesenchyme and epidermal cells (15,2,21), mammalian kidney epithelial cells (21), Xenopus epidermal cells (4), and chicken heart fibroblasts (21). Therefore this mode of fibroblast movement observed in electric fields is not totally without precedent .…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms For This Electric Field Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic fibroblast motility and orientation can be influenced by physiological electric fields.

Erickson¹,

Nuccitelli²

1984

The Journal of Cell Biology

301

190

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Epithelial layers in developing embryos are known to drive ion currents through themselves that will, in turn, generate small electric fields within the embryo . We hypothesized that the movement of migratory embryonic cells might be guided by such fields, and report here that embryonic quail somite fibroblast motility can be strongly influenced by small DC electric fields . These cells responded to such fields in three ways: (a) The cells migrated towards the cathodal end of the field by extending lamellipodia in that direction . The threshold field strength for this galvanotaxis was between 1 and 10 mV/mm when the cells were cultured in plasma. (b) The cells oriented their long axes perpendicular to the field lines. The threshold field strength for this response for a 90-min interval in the field was 150 mV/mm in F12 medium and between 50 and 100 mV/mm in plasma. (c) The cells elongated under the influence of field strengths of 400 mV/mm and greater . These fibroblasts were therefore able to detect a voltage gradient at least as low as 0.2 mV across their width. Electric fields of at least 10-fold larger in magnitude than this threshold field have been detected in vivo in at least one vertebrate thus far, so we believe that these field effects encompass a physiological range .

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Section: Possible Mechanisms For This Electric Field Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic fibroblast motility and orientation can be influenced by physiological electric fields.

Erickson¹,

Nuccitelli²

1984

The Journal of Cell Biology

301

190

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“…At the same time, keratocytes are able to maintain nearly constant speed and direction during movement over many cell lengths. Their shapes, consisting of a bulbous cell body at the rear attached to a broad, thin lamellipodium at the front and sides, are simple, stereotyped and notoriously temporally persistent 9,10 . The molecular dynamism of these cells, combined with the persistence of their global shape and behaviour, make them an ideal model system for investigating the mechanisms of cell shape determination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative simplicity of keratocytes has inspired extensive experimental and theoretical investigations into this cell type [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] , considerably advancing the understanding of cell motility. A notable example is the graded radial extension (GRE) model 12 , which was an early attempt to link the mechanism of motility at the molecular level with overall cell geometry.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanism of shape determination in motile cells

Keren

Pincus

Allen³

et al. 2008

Nature

686

816

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The shape of motile cells is determined by many dynamic processes spanning several orders of magnitude in space and time, from local polymerization of actin monomers at subsecond timescales to global, cell-scale geometry that may persist for hours. Understanding the mechanism of shape determination in cells has proved to be extremely challenging due to the numerous components involved and the complexity of their interactions. Here we harness the natural phenotypic variability in a large population of motile epithelial keratocytes from fish (Hypsophrys nicaraguensis) to reveal mechanisms of shape determination. We find that the cells inhabit a low-dimensional, highly correlated spectrum of possible functional states. We further show that a model of actin network treadmilling in an inextensible membrane bag can quantitatively recapitulate this spectrum and predict both cell shape and speed. Our model provides a simple biochemical and biophysical basis for the observed morphology and behaviour of motile cells.Cell shape emerges from the interaction of many constituent elements-notably, the cytoskeleton, the cell membrane and cellsubstrate adhesions-that have been studied in great detail at the molecular level 1-3 ; however, the mechanism by which global morphology is generated and maintained at the cellular scale is not understood. Many studies have characterized the morphological effects of perturbing various cytoskeletal and other cellular components (for example, ref. 4); yet, there have been no comprehensive efforts to try to understand cell shape from first principles. Here we address this issue in the context of motile epithelial keratocytes derived from fish skin. Fish keratocytes are among the fastest moving animal cells, and their motility machinery is characterized by extremely rapid molecular dynamics and turnover [5][6][7][8] . At the same time, keratocytes are able to maintain nearly constant speed and direction during movement over many cell lengths. Their shapes, consisting of a bulbous cell body at the rear attached to a broad, thin lamellipodium at the front and sides, are simple, stereotyped and notoriously temporally persistent 9,10 . The molecular dynamism of these cells, combined with the persistence of their global shape and behaviour, make them an ideal model system for investigating the mechanisms of cell shape determination.The relative simplicity of keratocytes has inspired extensive experimental and theoretical investigations into this cell type 5-17 , considerably advancing the understanding of cell motility. A notable example is the graded radial extension (GRE) model 12 , which was an early attempt to link the mechanism of motility at the molecular level with overall cell geometry. The GRE model proposed that local cell extension (either protrusion or retraction) occurs perpendicular to the cell edge, and that the magnitude of this extension is graded from a maximum near the cell midline to a minimum towards the sides. Although this phenomenological model has been shown experimentally ...

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“…The motility of these cells was first described in goldfish (Carassius auratus) by Goodrich (1924). Subsequent research, including in vivo studies using Xenopus laevis, showed that keratocytes migrate across wounded areas to provide a barrier to infection (Radice, 1980a,b;Euteneuer and Schliwa, 1984).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of thermal acclimation and acute temperature change on the motility of epithelial wound-healing cells (keratocytes) of tropical,temperate and Antarctic fish

Ream

Theriot

Somero³

2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe ability to heal superficial wounds is an important element in an organism's repertoire of adaptive responses to environmental stress. In fish,motile cells termed keratocytes are thought to play important roles in the wound-healing process. Keratocyte motility, like other physiological rate processes, is likely to be dependent on temperature and to show adaptive variation among differently thermally adapted species. We have quantified the effects of acute temperature change and thermal acclimation on actin-based keratocyte movement in primary cultures of keratocytes from four species of teleost fish adapted to widely different thermal conditions: two eurythermal species, the longjaw mudsucker Gillichthys mirabilis (environmental temperature range of approximately 10-37°C) and a desert pupfish, Cyprinodon salinus (10-40°C), and two species from stable thermal environments, an Antarctic notothenioid, Trematomus bernacchii(-1.86°C), and a tropical clownfish, Amphiprion percula(26-30°C). For all species, keratocyte speed increased with increasing temperature. G. mirabilis and C. salinus keratocytes reached maximal speeds at 25°C and 35°C, respectively, temperatures within the species' normal thermal ranges. Keratocytes of the stenothermal species continued to increase in speed as temperature increased above the species'normal temperature ranges. The thermal limits of keratocyte motility appear to exceed those of whole-organism thermal tolerance, notably in the case of T. bernacchii. Keratocytes of T. bernacchii survived supercooling to -6°C and retained motility at temperatures as high as 20°C. Mean keratocyte speed was conserved at physiological temperatures for the three temperate and tropical species, which suggests that a certain rate of motility is advantageous for wound healing. However, there was no temperature compensation in speed of movement for keratocytes of the Antarctic fish, which have extremely slow rates of movement at physiological temperatures. Keratocytes from all species moved in a persistent,unidirectional manner at low temperatures but at higher temperatures began to take more circular or less-persistent paths. Thermal acclimation affected the persistence and turning magnitude of keratocytes, with warmer acclimations generally yielding more persistent cells that followed straighter paths. However, acclimation did not alter the effect of experimental temperature on cellular speed. These findings suggest that more than one temperature-sensitive mechanism may govern cell motility: the rate-limiting process(es) responsible for speed is distinct from the mechanism(s) underlying directionality and persistence. Keratocytes represent a useful study system for evaluating the effects of temperature at the cellular level and for studying adaptive variation in actin-based cellular movement and capacity for wound healing.

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Cell Behavior in Tissue Cultures

Cited by 58 publications

References 1 publication

Embryonic fibroblast motility and orientation can be influenced by physiological electric fields.

Embryonic fibroblast motility and orientation can be influenced by physiological electric fields.

Mechanism of shape determination in motile cells

Influences of thermal acclimation and acute temperature change on the motility of epithelial wound-healing cells (keratocytes) of tropical,temperate and Antarctic fish

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