Cell Adherence to Microfilariae of
            <i>Onchocerca Volvulus</i>
            : A Comparative Study

Williams, J. F.; Ghalib, H. W.; Mackenzie, Charles D.; ElKhalifa, Mohammed; Ayuya, J. M.; Kron, Michael

doi:10.1002/9780470513446.ch10

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The fact, that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are critically involved in the killing and clearance of microfilariae via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and from dogs with occult D. immitis infections ( 12 , 13 ), indicates an important role of this innate immune cell type. PMN showed enhanced oxidative burst and degranulation activities in response to opsonized microfilariae ( 14 ) and adhered to D. immitis microfilariae in the absence of immune serum and presence of ivermectin ( 15 , 16 ). In addition, PMN infiltration was observed in various organs and tissues, including kidney and arterial walls from D. immitis infected canids ( 17 , 18 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dirofilaria immitis Microfilariae and Third-Stage Larvae Induce Canine NETosis Resulting in Different Types of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

et al. 2018

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Heartworm disease is a zoonotic vector-borne disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis mainly affecting canids. Infectious third-stage larvae (L3) are transmitted to the definitive hosts via culicid mosquitoes; adult nematodes reside in the pulmonary arteries and in the right heart releasing unsheathed first-stage larvae (microfilariae) into the bloodstream leading to chronic and sometimes fatal disease. So far, early innate immune reactions triggered by these different D. immitis stages in the canine host have scarcely been investigated. Therefore, D. immitis microfilariae and L3 were analyzed for their capacity to induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in canine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Overall, scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed both larval stages as strong inducers of canine NETosis. Co-localization of PMN-derived extracellular DNA with granulocytic histones, neutrophil elastase, or myeloperoxidase in parasite-entrapping structures confirmed the classical characteristics of NETosis. Quantitative analyses showed that both larval stages triggered canine NETs in a time-dependent but dose-independent manner. Moreover, parasite-induced NET formation was not influenced by the parasites viability since heat-inactivated microfilariae and L3 also induced NETs. In addition, parasite/PMN confrontation promoted significant entrapment but not killing of microfilariae and L3. Both, NETosis and larval entrapment was significantly reversed via DNase I treatments while treatments with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium failed to significantly influence these reactions. Interestingly, different types of NETs were induced by microfilariae and L3 since microfilarial stages merely induced spread and diffuse NETs while the larger L3 additionally triggered aggregated NET formation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dirofilaria immitis Microfilariae and Third-Stage Larvae Induce Canine NETosis Resulting in Different Types of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

et al. 2018

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“…In the DEC treated microfilaremic rats, peak concentrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes were little earlier if compared with experimental control rats which might be the effect of opsonization of these defensive cells and their involvement in early destruction and clearance of Mf. Almost similar sequence of events was observed in Onchocerca infection [31]. Increase in lymphocytes in treated rats might have been due to the proliferation and transformation of lymphocytes in plasma cells which secrete antibody to eliminate the parasite from infected rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Immunopathological response of leukocytes against microfilariae and adult worms in white rats infected with Setaria cervi

Kausar¹,

Khan²

2017

Vet World

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Aim:Aim of this study was to see the immunopathological changes against the microfilariae (Mf) and adult worms of a bovine filarid, Setaria cervi in the tissues of vital organs of experimentally infected white rats. The effect of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) was also observed on the Mf, as leukocytes especially lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins which opsonize and increase the efficacy of DEC against circulating Mf. Effect of this drug was also assessed on liver enzymes in the microfilaremic rats.Materials and Methods:Microfilaremia was established by implanting adult worms intraperitoneally and by the infusion of Mf recovered from the uterus of gravid female worms. DEC was administered orally for six consecutive days in the rats having patent infection. Differential leukocyte count was recorded every 3rd day, and liver enzymes were estimated every 10th day in both treated and untreated rats. Pathological changes were observed in HE stained sections of vital organs where Mf or adult worms were trapped.Results:Destruction and reduction in microfilarial density were noticed in microfilaremic rats treated with DEC. Trapped Mf and embedded worms revealed heavy cellular infiltrations by defensive cells which surrounded and attached with the body surface of the Mf as well as adult worms for their destruction and piece meal clearance. Immune-mediated pathology was observed in the tissue sections of lungs, spleen, and liver. Liver enzymes were elevated during the period of higher parasitemia.Conclusions:There was a moderate level of immunopathology against the Mf and adult worms by the leukocytes in experimentally infected microfilaremic rats. Mf were in the process of degeneration where they got trapped. Moderate increase in liver enzyme was noticed which was slightly more in untreated group. Although a fraction of Mf gets killed in the peritoneum, majority of them successfully enter the systemic circulation and survive for about 54 days, which is sufficient enough for conducting immunological and chemotherapeutic studies.

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“…This association between the presence of eosinophils and M F has also been noted by olhers [6], and suggests that the eosinophils may arrive in response lo Ihc MF. Eosinophils are known to bind to MF and degranulaic both in Ihe presence of immune sera [33] and after treatment wilh ivermectin [34] or diethylcarbamazine (DEC) [35]. It is Ihe degranulation of eosinophils post-DEC treatment that is thought to be the predominant mediator of tbe Mazzotti reaction [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An immunohistochemical analysis of onchocercal nodules: evidence for an interaction between macrophage MRP8/MRP14 and adult Onchocerca volvulus

Edgeworth

Abiose

Jones

1993

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SUMMARYWe have used a panel of MoAbs lo investigate the phenotype of macrophages and other leucocytes infiltrating onchocercal nodules. Nodules were removed from individuals at the end of the second year of a community-based, placebo-controlled trial of annual ivcrmeclin chemotherapy in northern Nigeria. No significant differences were seen in the distribution and phenotype of leucocytes in nodules from ivermectin-and plaee bo-treated individuals. Live adult worms were only seen in nine of the 21 nodules examined. Three regions were elearly discernible within nodules eontaining both live and dead worms; an outer fibrovascular capsule {zone A), an inner adult worm bundle with surrounding hyaline extracellular matrix interspersed with solitary eells (zone B), and a dense cellular infiltrate surrounding and in contact with a variable proportion ofthe worm (zone C). Maerophages were the predominant cell type in all zones ofthe nodule. Those in zone B were distinguished by their dendritic morphology and strong reaetivity with MoAbs directed against class II molecules. FcRl (CD64) and CD68, whereas macrophages in zone C were larger, more heterogeneous in shape, and were distinguished by strong reaetivity with MoAbs directed against CR4 (CDIlc. CDI8) and MRP8/MRPI4, and with MoAb24. Tcells were found primarily in zones A and C. whilst eosinophils were found in only six nodules. A unique staining pattern was seen using MoAbs reacting with the ealcium-binding protein MRP8/MRPI4. Most macrophages in zones A and B were negative; however, where the occasional positive maerophage was seen in zone B. MRP8/MRPI4 was also found around the eell and on the neighbouring worm surface, giving the impression that MRP8/ MRP14 was being seereted onto the adult worm. Maerophages in zone C were also MRP8/MRPI4-positive. and often the whole infiltrate was surrounded with extracellular MRP8/MRPI4, with greatest concentration seen adjacent to the worm. MRP8/MRP14 was not identified on the surface of microfilariae(MF) within the same nodules. Since MRP8/MRPI4 was seen on the adult worm in the absence of a leueocytic infiltrate, it may have an early role to play in the immune response to Onchocerca volvulus.

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Cell Adherence to Microfilariae of Onchocerca Volvulus : A Comparative Study

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Dirofilaria immitis Microfilariae and Third-Stage Larvae Induce Canine NETosis Resulting in Different Types of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Dirofilaria immitis Microfilariae and Third-Stage Larvae Induce Canine NETosis Resulting in Different Types of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Immunopathological response of leukocytes against microfilariae and adult worms in white rats infected with Setaria cervi

An immunohistochemical analysis of onchocercal nodules: evidence for an interaction between macrophage MRP8/MRP14 and adult Onchocerca volvulus

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