Celecoxib augmentation of escitalopram in treatment-resistant bipolar depression and the effects on Quinolinic Acid

Neuroinflammation and the Kynurenine Pathway in CNS Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

“…Their results suggests that plasma and CSF profiling of KP metabolites in depression can serve as proxy for accurate prognosis, evaluation of treatment options and highlights the potential utility of therapeutically targeting KP metabolism in depressive patients that are poor responders to existing pharmacotherapy [ 268 ]. Supplementation of anti-inflammatory therapy to reduce pro-inflammatory expression with NSAIDS, selective COX inhibitors, TNF-α antagonists, IL-6 neutralizing antibodies and growth factors like granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with current anti-depressants on the market may provide synergistic benefits for treatment resistant inflammation associated depression [ 73 , 247 , 269 , 270 , 271 ]. Future clinical studies employing combination therapy of aforementioned options would further our understanding of the treatment response and may facilitate novel combinatorial treatment options.…”

The use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in depression: a narrative review of the state of evidence

“…They also demonstrated the reduced quinolinic acid in the treatment group but this reduction was not statistically significant. 17 One study also demonstrated the significant lowering of kynurenine levels in the treated group (p=0.008) and significantly increased kynurenine or tryptophan ratio in the celecoxib group (p=0.028). The lowering of kynurenine is associated with better outcomes in the patient of depression.…”

“…1 The increase in quinolinic acid is also showed by one study included in our review and demonstrated the correlation of increase in quinolinic acid with symptoms of depression. 17 COX-2 inhibitors inhibit the synthesis of PGE2 by inhibiting COX enzyme. PGE2 reduces the release of noradrenaline from central noradrenergic neurons.…”

The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in major depressive and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Due to exclusion criteria mentioned in ESF, table 4, three out of these 124 studies were excluded. Hence, the current meta-analysis involved 121 studies ( Aarsland et al, 2019 ; Achtyes et al, 2020 ; Anderson et al, 1990 ; Baranyi et al, 2017 ; Bay-Richter et al, 2015 ; Birner et al, 2017 ; Bradley et al, 2015 ; Brundin et al, 2016 ; Busse et al, 2015 ; Carrillo-Mora et al, 2020 ; Castillo et al, 2019 ; Cathomas et al, 2021 ; Chiaroni et al, 1990 ; Chiu et al, 2021 ; Cho et al, 2017 ; Clark et al, 2016 ; Colle et al, 2020 ; Coppen et al, 1972 ; Coppen et al, 1973 ; Cowen et al, 1989 ; Czermak et al, 2008 ; Dahl et al, 2015 ; DeMyer et al, 1981 ; DeWitt et al, 2018 ; Doolin et al, 2018 ; Ebesunun et al, 2012 ; Erabi et al, 2020 ; Erhardt et al, 2013 ; Gabbay et al, 2010 ; Georgin-Lavialle et al, 2016 ; Gerner et al, 1984 ; Guicheney et al, 1988 ; Hayward et al, 2005 ; Healy et al, 1982 ; Heilman et al, 2019 ; Hennings et al, 2013 ; Hoekstra et al, 2006 ; Hoekstra et al, 2001 ; Hu et al, 2017 ; Hüfner et al, 2015 ; Hughes et al, 2012 ; Joseph et al, 1984 ; Karege et al, 1994 ; Krause et al, 2019 ; Krause et al, 2017 ; Kuwano et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2018 ; Lucca et al, 1992 ; Maes et al, 1995 ; Maes et al, 2011b ; Maes et al, 1990 ; Maes et al, 1993 ; Maes and Rief, 2012 ...…”