“…The reasons are as follows. First, since the downfall of the Soeharto regime, not merely the Indonesian people, but also Indonesian political parties and these parties' politicians have been increasingly dependent on the media, especially the Indonesian news TV channels (Lim, 2011(Lim, , 2013Nugroho and Syarief 2012;Ahmad, 2017Ahmad, , 2020. However, while behavioural orientations of these political parties and politicians associated with these parties in Indonesian political sphere have been increasingly determined by the media and the media-related actors (Ahmad, 2019(Ahmad, , 2022, the structural factors that stimulate Indonesian political parties' leaders and these parties' presidential candidates to adopt the media logic have, however, been under-researched.…”