Cedratvirus getuliensis replication cycle: an in-depth morphological analysis

Silva, Ludmila Karen dos Santos; Andrade, Aron José Pazin de; Dornas, Fábio P.; Rodrigues, Rodrigo Araújo Lima; Arantes, Thalita Souza; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Bonjardim, Cláudio Antônio; Abrahão, Jônatas Santos

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22398-3

Cited by 36 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…3), along with the polarization of structures that resemble lysosomal vesicles in the vicinity of the VF (Fig. 3), as previously reported for the cedratvirus (31). The presence of mitochondria in this region could be related to the process of energy acquisition during viral replication optimization (32).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The presence of mitochondria in this region could be related to the process of energy acquisition during viral replication optimization (32). Lysosome polarization, corresponding to the presence of vacuole-like structures occupying large portions of the host cell, might be related to a cellular response to infection, such as autophagy, as suggested previously in cedratvirus (31,32). In addition, we observed gradual nucleolar and nuclear degradation throughout the pandoravirus replication cycle (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The onset of particle morphogenesis seems to occur from electron-dense semicir- cular structures, such as the crescents observed in the assembly of other viruses of the NCLDV group, including vaccinia virus, mimivirus, marseillevirus, African swine fever virus, and cedratvirus (31,(33)(34)(35)(36). The other morphogenesis steps of these viruses resemble those described for pandoraviruses, molliviruses, pithovirus, and other pandoraviruses, with the outer portion and the interior of the particles being assembled or "knitted" simultaneously (4,6,37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Isolates of Pandoraviruses: Contribution to the Study of Replication Cycle Steps

Andrade

Boratto

Rodrigues

et al. 2019

J Virol

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Giant viruses are complex members of the virosphere, exhibiting outstanding structural and genomic features. Among these viruses, the pandoraviruses are some of the most intriguing members, exhibiting giant particles and genomes presenting at up to 2.5 Mb, with many genes having no known function. In this work, we analyzed, by virological and microscopic methods, the replication cycle steps of three new pandoravirus isolates from samples collected in different regions of Brazil. Our data indicate that all analyzed pandoravirus isolates can deeply modify the Acanthamoeba cytoplasmic environment, recruiting mitochondria and membranes into and around the electron-lucent viral factories. We also observed that the viral factories start forming before the complete degradation of the cellular nucleus. Various patterns of pandoravirus particle morphogenesis were observed, and the assembly of the particles seemed to be started either by the apex or by the opposite side. On the basis of the counting of viral particles during the infection time course, we observed that pandoravirus particles could undergo exocytosis after their morphogenesis in a process that involved intense recruitment of membranes that wrapped the just-formed particles. The treatment of infected cells with brefeldin affected particle exocytosis in two of the three analyzed strains, indicating biological variability among isolates. Despite such particle exocytosis, the lysis of host cells also contributed to viral release. This work reinforces knowledge of and reveals important steps in the replication cycle of pandoraviruses. IMPORTANCE The emerging Pandoraviridae family is composed of some of the most complex viruses known to date. Only a few pandoravirus isolates have been described until now, and many aspects of their life cycle remain to be elucidated. A comprehensive description of the replication cycle is pivotal to a better understanding of the biology of the virus. For this report, we describe new pandoraviruses and used different methods to better characterize the steps of the replication cycle of this new group of viruses. Our results provide new information about the diversity and biology of these giant viruses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Isolates of Pandoraviruses: Contribution to the Study of Replication Cycle Steps

Andrade

Boratto

Rodrigues

et al. 2019

J Virol

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“…In the last years, amoebal large and giant viruses have frequently been found around the world (5–9, 20, 22, 25, 34–37). Here, we describe Yaravirus brasiliensis, an 80 nm-sized virus with a genome containing a notable proportion of genes (~90%) that have never been observed before.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mysterious 80 nm amoeba virus with a near-complete “ORFan genome” challenges the classification of DNA viruses

Pvm

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Here we report the discovery of Yaravirus, a new lineage of amoebal virus with a puzzling origin and phylogeny. Yaravirus presents 80 nm-sized particles and a 44,924 bp dsDNA genome encoding for 74 predicted proteins. More than 90% (68) of Yaravirus predicted genes have never been described before, representing ORFans. Only six genes had distant homologs in public databases: an exonuclease/recombinase, a packaging-ATPase, a bifunctional DNA primase/polymerase and three hypothetical proteins. Furthermore, we were not able to retrieve viral genomes closely related to Yaravirus in 8,535 publicly available metagenomes spanning diverse habitats around the globe. The Yaravirus genome also contained six types of tRNAs that did not match commonly used codons. Proteomics revealed that Yaravirus particles contain 26 viral proteins, one of which potentially representing a novel capsid protein with no significant homology with NCLDV major capsid proteins but with a predicted double-jelly roll domain. Yaravirus expands our knowledge of the diversity of DNA viruses. The phylogenetic distance between Yaravirus and all other viruses highlights our still preliminary assessment of the genomic diversity of eukaryotic viruses, reinforcing the need for the isolation of new viruses of protists.Significance statementMost of the known viruses of amoeba have been seen to share many features that eventually prompted authors to classify them into common evolutionary groups. Here we describe Yaravirus, an entity that could represent either the first isolated virus of Acanthamoeba spp. out of the group of NCLDVs or, in alternative evolutive scenario, it is a distant and extremely reduced virus of this group. Contrary to what is observed in other isolated viruses of amoeba, Yaravirus is not represented by a large/giant particle and a complex genome, but at the same time carries an important number of previously undescribed genes, including one encoding a novel major capsid protein. Metagenomic approaches also testified for the rarity of Yaravirus in the environment.

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“…These viruses replicate in Acanthamoeba sp., entering the cells by phagocytosis. The genome is released through the cork, and an eclipse phase is established, followed by the formation of an electron-lucent viral factory, where a complex morphogenesis occurs (19,20,22). It is possible that there is a nuclear phase during the replication of cedratviruses, since the host nucleus remains intact during the viral cycle, although further investigation into this aspect needs to be performed (22).…”

Section: Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Morphologic and Genomic Analyses of New Isolates Reveal a Second Lineage of Cedratviruses

Rodrigues

Andréani

Andrade

et al. 2018

J Virol

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Giant viruses have been isolated and characterized in different environments, expanding our knowledge about the biology of these unique microorganisms. In the last 2 years, a new group was discovered, the cedratviruses, currently composed of only two isolates and members of a putative new family, "Pithoviridae," along with previously known pithoviruses. Here we report the isolation and biological and genomic characterization of two novel cedratviruses isolated from samples collected in France and Brazil. Both viruses were isolated using as a host cell and exhibit ovoid particles with corks at either extremity of the particle. Curiously, the Brazilian cedratvirus is ∼20% smaller and presents a shorter genome of 460,038 bp, coding for fewer proteins than other cedratviruses. In addition, it has a completely asyntenic genome and presents a lower amino acid identity of orthologous genes (∼73%). Pangenome analysis comprising the four cedratviruses revealed an increase in the pangenome concomitant with a decrease in the core genome with the addition of the two novel viruses. Finally, phylogenetic analyses clustered the Brazilian virus in a separate branch within the group of cedratviruses, while the French isolate is closer to the previously reported Taking all together, we propose the existence of a second lineage of this emerging viral genus and provide new insights into the biodiversity and ubiquity of these giant viruses. Various giant viruses have been described in recent years, revealing a unique part of the virosphere. A new group among the giant viruses has recently been described, the cedratviruses, which is currently composed of only two isolates. In this paper, we describe two novel cedratviruses isolated from French and Brazilian samples. Biological and genomic analyses showed viruses with different particle sizes, genome lengths, and architecture, revealing the existence of a second lineage of this new group of giant viruses. Our results provide new insights into the biodiversity of cedratviruses and highlight the importance of ongoing efforts to prospect for and characterize new giant viruses.

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Cedratvirus getuliensis replication cycle: an in-depth morphological analysis

Cited by 36 publications

References 41 publications

New Isolates of Pandoraviruses: Contribution to the Study of Replication Cycle Steps

New Isolates of Pandoraviruses: Contribution to the Study of Replication Cycle Steps

A mysterious 80 nm amoeba virus with a near-complete “ORFan genome” challenges the classification of DNA viruses

Morphologic and Genomic Analyses of New Isolates Reveal a Second Lineage of Cedratviruses

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