Cecal drop reflects the chickens' cecal microbiome, fecal drop does not

Pauwels, Jana; Taminiau, Bernard; Janssens, G.P.J.; Beenhouwer, Matthias De; Delhalle, Laurent; Daube, Georges; Coopman, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2015.08.006

Cited by 34 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Overall, while temporal succession of bacterial populations was observed in this flock similar to previous studies ( 10 ), differences in sample type were more prominent. In addition, our results corroborate findings that poultry fecal droppings or litter samples are a better predictor of ileal rather than cecal bacterial composition ( 40 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Other OTUs identified only in the ileum and litter were Staphylococcus , Corynebacterium , Jeotgalicoccus , the latter of which is a lactic acid bacterium also found in the air in poultry houses ( 38 ), and Weissella , a genus reported in high abundance in healthy birds ( 39 ). A recently published study found that cecal content populations reflect cecal drop, whereas fecal drop populations were dissimilar to cecal populations, further suggesting that ileum populations would be more closely related to litter than to cecal community structure ( 40 ). However, another study found that the fecal microbiome represents a large portion of the cecal diversity, though it was not a good quantitative measure ( 41 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Temporal Relationships Exist Between Cecum, Ileum, and Litter Bacterial Microbiomes in a Commercial Turkey Flock, and Subtherapeutic Penicillin Treatment Impacts Ileum Bacterial Community Establishment

et al. 2015

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Gut health is paramount for commercial poultry production, and improved methods to assess gut health are critically needed to better understand how the avian gastrointestinal tract matures over time. One important aspect of gut health is the totality of bacterial populations inhabiting different sites of the avian gastrointestinal tract, and associations of these populations with the poultry farm environment, since these bacteria are thought to drive metabolism and prime the developing host immune system. In this study, a single flock of commercial turkeys was followed over the course of 12 weeks to examine bacterial microbiome inhabiting the ceca, ileum, and corresponding poultry litter. Furthermore, the effects of low-dose, growth-promoting penicillin treatment (50 g/ton) in feed on the ileum bacterial microbiome were also examined during the early brood period. The cecum and ileum bacterial communities of turkeys were distinct, yet shifted in parallel to one another over time during bird maturation. Corresponding poultry litter was also distinct yet more closely represented the ileal bacterial populations than cecal bacterial populations, and also changed parallel to ileum bacterial populations over time. Penicillin applied at low dose in feed significantly enhanced early weight gain in commercial poults, and this correlated with predictable shifts in the ileum bacterial populations in control versus treatment groups. Overall, this study identified the dynamics of the turkey gastrointestinal microbiome during development, correlations between bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract and the litter environment, and the impact of low-dose penicillin on modulation of bacterial communities in the ileum. Such modulations provide a target for alternatives to low-dose antibiotics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Relationships Exist Between Cecum, Ileum, and Litter Bacterial Microbiomes in a Commercial Turkey Flock, and Subtherapeutic Penicillin Treatment Impacts Ileum Bacterial Community Establishment

et al. 2015

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“…Nevertheless, cloacal swabs can only be used for detection and give information on the prevalence of Campylobacter while Campylobacter concentrations are also important when comparing an effect of a treatment. Feces could induce a bias in the results because bacterial diversity and community composition in fecal samples differ from cecal content (Pauwels et al, 2015 ). Bahrndorff et al ( 2015 ) recently evaluated the colonization of individual broiler chickens by C. jejuni over time.…”

Section: Anti- Campylobacter Activity Of Probioticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Screening of Anti-Campylobacter Activity in Probiotics for Use in Poultry

et al. 2016

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Campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacter species involved in this infection usually include the thermotolerant species Campylobacter jejuni. The major reservoir for C. jejuni leading to human infections is commercial broiler chickens. Poultry flocks are frequently colonized by C. jejuni without any apparent symptoms. Risk assessment analyses have identified the handling and consumption of poultry meat as one of the most important sources of human campylobacteriosis, so elimination of Campylobacter in the poultry reservoir is a crucial step in the control of this foodborne infection. To date, the use of probiotics has demonstrated promising results to reduce Campylobacter colonization. This review provides recent insights into methods used for probiotic screening to reduce the prevalence and colonization of Campylobacter at the farm level. Different eukaryotic epithelial cell lines are employed to screen probiotics with an anti-Campylobacter activity and yield useful information about the inhibition mechanism involved. These in vitro virulence models involve only human intestinal or cervical cell lines whereas the use of avian cell lines could be a preliminary step to investigate mechanisms of C. jejuni colonization in poultry in the presence of probiotics. In addition, in vivo trials to evaluate the effect of probiotics on Campylobacter colonization are conducted, taking into account the complexity introduced by the host, the feed, and the microbiota. However, the heterogeneity of the protocols used and the short time duration of the experiments lead to results that are difficult to compare and draw conclusions at the slaughter-age of broilers. Nevertheless, the combined approach using complementary in vitro and in vivo tools (cell cultures and animal experiments) leads to a better characterization of probiotic strains and could be employed to assess reduced Campylobacter spp. colonization in chickens if some parameters are optimized.

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“…If our scenario were correct, one would expect the microbiome of soft faeces to be somewhat intermediate between the microbiome of the caecum and the colon, whereas hard faeces should mainly be identical in their microbiome to the colon. To our knowledge, although similar comparisons have been made for chicken (Pauwels et al 2015), in turkeys the microbiome has only been characterised in the ileum and caecum contents (Danzeisen et al 2015) but not in soft vs. hard faeces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Digesta retention patterns in geese (Anser anser) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and deduced function of avian caeca

Frei

Ortmann

Kreuzer

et al. 2017

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

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Although it is well-known that retrograde transport of urine fills the caeca of birds with fluid and small particles, the function of avian caeca is still not fully understood. We measured mean retention times (MRT) of solute (cobalt-EDTA, Co), small particle (<2mm, chromium-mordanted fibre, Cr) and large particle (8mm, cerium-marked fibre, Ce) markers in geese (Anser anser) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) fed alfalfa pellets ad libitum. Intake did not differ between species. Turkeys had longer MRT for all markers (Co: 10.4 vs. 3.2h; Cr 23.3 vs. 2.9h; Ce 9.5 vs. 2.1h), achieved a higher fibre digestibility, and had a higher calculated dry matter gut fill. Thus, geese and turkeys correspond to the typical dichotomy of good fliers vs. poor fliers/flightless species in avian herbivores. Because uric acid is fermented much faster by microbes than fibre, the ultimate cause of short-MRT digesta retention in avian caeca as in geese is possibly rather uric acid than fibre fermentation. The numerical differences between marker MRT in geese correspond to a colonic separation mechanism that delays the excretion of fluids more than small and again more than large particles. In contrast to geese, turkeys excreted solid and liquid (caecal) faeces. Liquid faeces contained less fibre and more crude protein than solid faeces and accounted for the excretion of 7, 25 and 34% of Ce, Co and Cr markers. Marker excretion patterns and MRT for liquid faeces (Co 15 vs. Cr 50h) suggest that small particles did not simply move in parallel to fluids, but were retained selectively by being trapped in colonic digesta upon expulsion from caeca, with subsequent repeated retrograde transport into caeca with the next batch of urine. Given the absence of coprophagy in birds (in contrast to small mammalian herbivores), such a delay of small (microbial) particle escape from the caeca appears reasonable.

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Cecal drop reflects the chickens' cecal microbiome, fecal drop does not

Cited by 34 publications

References 34 publications

Temporal Relationships Exist Between Cecum, Ileum, and Litter Bacterial Microbiomes in a Commercial Turkey Flock, and Subtherapeutic Penicillin Treatment Impacts Ileum Bacterial Community Establishment

Temporal Relationships Exist Between Cecum, Ileum, and Litter Bacterial Microbiomes in a Commercial Turkey Flock, and Subtherapeutic Penicillin Treatment Impacts Ileum Bacterial Community Establishment

Recent Advances in Screening of Anti-Campylobacter Activity in Probiotics for Use in Poultry

Digesta retention patterns in geese (Anser anser) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and deduced function of avian caeca

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