Cecal Butyrate (Not Propionate) Was Connected with Metabolism-Related Chemicals of Mice, Based on the Different Effects of the Two Inonotus obliquus Extracts on Obesity and Their Mechanisms

Abstract

Obesity is a metabolic disease and causes significant changes in host and gut microbial metabolite levels. However, little research has been done on the relationship between host and gut microbial metabolites. Thus, this study investigated the connection of the chemicals, based on the different effects of two Inonotus obliquus extracts on high-fat-diet-induced mice and their mechanisms. In this study, C57BL6/J mice fed with a high-fat diet were given I. obliquus ethanol extract (IOE) and polysaccharide (IOP). 1 H NMR-based metabolomics, 16S rRNA sequencing, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect metabolites, cecal microbes, and expressions of genes in liver. IOE and IOP effectively improved the obesity of mice, including the adjustment of body weight gain, energy intake, energy efficiency, liver glucose metabolism and triglyceride metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and degradation of three major nutrients (carbohydrate, lipid, and protein). IOE significantly increased cecal propionate based on Bacteroides and Akkermansia , thereby inhibiting energy intake and fat accumulation in mice. IOP remarkably improved the level of cecal butyrate by Lactobacillus and the Bacteroidales S24-7 group, resulting in increased energy consumption, and fat degradation by regulating the TCA cycle of the host. Two extracts containing different bioactive substances of I. obliquus improved obesity in mice through different effects on production of cecal microbial metabolites. Moreover, cecal butyrate (not propionate) was connected with chemicals of mice, including four metabolites of the TCA cycle and other metabolism-related chemicals.

Renal Protective Effects of Inonotus obliquus on High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Kidney Disease Rats: Biochemical, Color Doppler Ultrasound and Histopathological Evidence

“…As a new type of medicinal fungus, chaga possesses antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects ( Wang et al, 2017b ; Yu et al, 2020 ; Duru et al, 2019 ; Burmasova et al, 2019 ; Lu et al, 2021 ). In recent years, the use of medicinal fungi in the treatment of kidney disease has been widely examined ( Zhong et al, 2015 ; Wang et al, 2018 ).…”

“…In addition, it has been reported that chaga extracts could reduce the blood lipid level, lipid accumulation, and body weight in DKD mice induced by the high-fat diet ( Yu et al, 2020 ). This is consistent with the result of the present study that the body weights of the two intervention groups were lower than that of the DKD model group.…”

Fermented Deer Blood Ameliorates Intense Exercise-Induced Fatigue via Modulating Small Intestine Microbiota and Metabolites in Mice

“…The sample treatment method, NMR data acquisition and processing were performed using previously described methods [ 29 ]. The raw data were preprocessed using MestReNova 10.0.…”

The difference of regulatory effect of two Inonotus obliquus extracts on high‐fat diet mice in relation to the fatty acid elongation function of gut microbiota

“…IOP (containing 78.27% polysaccharide) was obtained by hot water extraction, 80% ethanol precipitation, protein removal, and ethanol cleaning, and IOE (containing 27.86% polyphenols and 38.55% triterpenoids) was extracted by 80% ethanol after removing impurities with hot water (Yu et al., 2020).…”

“…Inonotus obliquus ethanol extract (IOE) is rich in polyphenols and triterpenes, and the I. obliquus polysaccharides (IOP) are rich in polysaccharides. The two extracts had different effects on obese individuals due to different active ingredients (Yu et al., 2020). In this paper, we compare the effects of the two extracts on HFD mice at four temporal points (weeks 0, 2, 8, and 14) to explore more potential mechanisms.…”