cDNA-AFLP Reveals a Striking Overlap in Race-Specific Resistance and Wound Response Gene Expression Profiles

Abstract

The tomato Cf-9 gene confers resistance to races of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum expressing the Avr9 gene. cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to display transcripts whose expression is rapidly altered during the Avr9-and Cf-9 -mediated defense response in tobacco cell cultures. Diphenyleneiodonium was used to abolish the production of active oxygen species during gene induction. Of 30,000 fragments inspected, 290 showed altered abundance, of which 263 were induced independently of active oxygen species. cDNA clones were obtained for 13 ACRE (for Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited) genes. ACRE gene induction occurred in the presence of cycloheximide. Avr9 induced ACRE gene expression in leaves. Surprisingly, ACRE genes were also rapidly but transiently induced in leaves in response to other stresses. The amino acid sequences of some ACRE proteins are homologous to sequences of known proteins such as ethylene response element binding protein transcription factors, the N resistance protein, a calcium binding protein, 13-lipoxygenase, and a RING-H2 zinc finger protein. Rapid induction of ACRE genes suggests that they play a pivotal role during plant defense responses. INTRODUCTIONDisease resistance in plants often involves recognition of invading pathogens followed by activation of a defense response. Such incompatible interactions are dependent on the presence of a resistance ( R ) gene in the host and an avirulence ( Avr ) gene in the pathogen (Flor, 1971;Keen, 1990). Many plant R genes have been identified. Their products have motifs consistent with potential roles in pathogen detection and subsequent signal transduction (Bent, 1996). However, the signal transduction activated by R gene products is still poorly understood.Cladosporium fulvum is a biotrophic fungus that causes leaf mold disease of tomato. The tomato Cf-9 gene confers resistance to C. fulvum races expressing the corresponding Avr9 gene . The Avr9 protein is secreted by the fungus and is processed to a cystine knot peptide of 28 amino acids, which can be retrieved in intercellular washing fluid (IF) from infected leaves (De Wit and Spikman, 1982;Van den Ackerveken et al., 1993). Infiltration of Cf9 tomato or transgenic Cf9 tobacco with Avr9 leads to necrosis within 24 hr.This response is faster in tobacco than it is in tomato (Hammond-Kosack et al., 1998). Cell suspension cultures derived from Cf9 tobacco plants, when challenged with Avr9, rapidly produce active oxygen species (AOS) (Piedras et al., 1998) and activate two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (Romeis et al., 1999) and a calcium-dependent protein kinase (Romeis et al., 2000).The mode of action of the Cf-9 protein is not known. Changes in gene expression are likely to be important for activation of defense mechanisms, and transcriptional changes have been reported in several plant-pathogen interaction systems (Rushton and Somssich, 1998). The nonhost resistance responses of parsley and tobacco cells to elicitors from cultures of Phytophthora spp have be...

Timecourse microarray analyses reveal global changes in gene expression of susceptible Glycine max (soybean) roots during infection by Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode)

“…The plant is clearly sensing the presence of the nematode within the Wrst 6 h of infection as shown by a rapid increase in gene expression. Rapid stimulation of genes involved in defense is not uncommon in soybean (Droge-Laser et al 1997;Park et al 2004b) and these processes can account for as much as 1% of new transcripts within the Wrst 15 min of infection (Durrant et al 2000). Transcript proWles with similar topology to our proWles 1, 3, and 4 were observed in Arabidopsis roots infected with the gall forming nematode Meloidogyne spp.…”

Isolation and functional characterization of the Ca-DREBLP1 gene encoding a dehydration-responsive element binding-factor-like protein�1 in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Pukang)

“…To confirm complete transfer of RNA to the membrane filter, both gel and membrane were viewed under UV light after transfer. The filter was hybridized to a 32 P-labeled pCa-DSR probe as indicated The polypeptides encoded by Ca-DSR2 and Ca-DSR7 show similarity to the ERF/AP2-domain-containing transcription factors identified in tobacco (Durrant et al 2000) and Arabidopsis (GenBank Accession No. NP_200015), respectively (Table 1).…”

“…The predicted molecular mass of the polypeptide encoded by pCa-DREBLP1 is 23.8 kDa with a calculated pI of 6.34. Database searches revealed that Ca-DREBLP1 is most closely related to the tobacco NtAvr9/Cf-9 elicited protein (Durrant et al 2000) and tomato LeCBF1 (Jaglo et al 2001), with 69% and 61% identity at the amino acid level, respectively (Fig. 2b).…”

Ubiquitin related enzymes and plant-specific ubiquitin ligase ATL family in tomato plants

“…ATL54 has been reported to function in secondary cell wall formation (Noda et al 2013), and ATL14, also designated IDF1, has been found to regulate Fe uptake via the ubiquitination of the Fe transporter IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) (Shin et al 2013). In addition to Arabidopsis, ATL isoforms are involved in defense responses in varied plant species; e.g., EL5 and BIRF1 in rice (Liu et al 2008;Takai et al 2002), StRFP1 in potato (Ni et al 2010) and ACRE132 in tobacco (Durrant et al 2000). EL5 is also involved in root meristem development via cytokinin-mediated nitrogen effect in rice (Koiwai et al 2007;Mochizuki et al 2014).…”