CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 conferred by other coronavirus strains and influenza virus

Koohy, Hashem; Lee, Chloe H.; Pinho, Mariana Pereira; Buckley, Paul; Woodhouse, Isaac; Ogg, Graham S.; Simmons, Alison; Napolitani, Giorgio

doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.107292

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health, UK. This manuscript has been released as a pre-print at bioRxiv (34).…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential CD8+ T Cell Cross-Reactivity Against SARS-CoV-2 Conferred by Other Coronavirus Strains

et al. 2020

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While individuals infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifested a broad range in susceptibility and severity to the disease, the pre-existing immune memory to related pathogens cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 can influence the disease outcome in COVID-19. Here, we investigated the potential extent of T cell cross-reactivity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that can be conferred by other coronaviruses and influenza virus, and generated an in silico map of public and private CD8+ T cell epitopes between coronaviruses. We observed 794 predicted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes of which 52% were private and 48% were public. Ninety-nine percent of the public epitopes were shared with SARS-CoV and 5.4% were shared with either one of four common coronaviruses, 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43. Moreover, to assess the potential risk of self-reactivity and/or diminished T cell response for peptides identical or highly similar to the host, we identified predicted epitopes with high sequence similarity with human proteome. Lastly, we compared predicted epitopes from coronaviruses with epitopes from influenza virus deposited in IEDB, and found only a small number of peptides with limited potential for cross-reactivity between the two virus families. We believe our comprehensive in silico profile of private and public epitopes across coronaviruses would facilitate design of vaccines, and provide insights into the presence of pre-existing coronavirus-specific memory CD8+ T cells that may influence immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential CD8+ T Cell Cross-Reactivity Against SARS-CoV-2 Conferred by Other Coronavirus Strains

et al. 2020

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“…For example, we identify the T cell population in the NM as having a T rm -like transcriptional profile. While the implications of this population remain to be fully explained, there is growing evidence that cross-reactive T cells to endemic human coronavirus (CoVs) exist (Braun et al, 2020; Hu et al, 2020; Lee et al, 2020; Stervbo et al, 2020), and it is established that children tend to have higher burden of these endemic CoVs infections compared to adults (Monto et al, 2020). Therefore, one could hypothesize that NM T rm may represent a reservoir of potential cross-reactive T-cells that offer protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune cell residency in the nasal mucosa and COVID-19 severity across the age range

Winkley

Banerjee

Louiselle

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Severe coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) positively correlates with age (Centers for Disease Control), develops after progression of infection from the upper airway to the lower respiratory tract (LRT), and can worsen into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Why children seem to be less likely to develop severe disease remains unclear. As the nasal mucosa (NM) is the first site of contact and defense for respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 before dissemination to the LRT, we hypothesized that differences in this tissue across the age range may help explain the disparity in COVID-19 severity. To this end, we profiled NM samples across the lifespan in health and disease. We find that global transcriptomic changes including the expression of SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors are not correlated with age or the novel virus type, since pediatric NM cells mount similar antiviral response to both SARS-CoV-2 or Influenza B. Rather, we find immune cell residency in NM decreases dramatically with age especially cells of the innate immune system. This includes a resident-memory-like T cell subset with antiviral properties. These observations give plausible biological explanation to the observed clinical differences in disease spectrum and provide a foundation for future experimental studies.

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“…A variable proportion of people are not infected on exposure to the pathogen, either because they present natural resistance to it, due to their genetic background or epigenetic makeup or because they had acquired protective immunity [83][84][85] . In the case of novel pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, protective immunity results from cross-protection induced by contact with related or unrelated infectious agents from the environment, or from their own microbiota 86,87 . Moreover, it should be kept in mind that susceptibility is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon but a continuum, which depends on the degree of natural resistance and/or protective immunity the person presents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 through asymptomatic carriers and aerosols: A major public health challenge

Tosta

2020

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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In the absence of vaccines and effective antiviral drugs, control of the spread of coronavirus disease (Covid-19) relies mainly on the adequacy of public health resources and policies. Hence, failure to establish and implement scientifically reliable control measures may have a significant effect on the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severity of the disease, and death toll. The average number of secondary transmissions from an infected person, or reproduction numbers (R 0 and R), and the points at which the collective immunity begins to reduce the transmission of the infection, or herd immunity thresholds, are important epidemiological tools used in strategies of Covid-19 control, suppression, and mitigation. However, SARS-CoV-2 transmission through asymptomatic carriers and, possibly, aerosols, has been ignored, and this may affect the effectiveness of Covid-19 control strategies. Therefore, consideration of the two possible ways of transmission would substantially increase the values of reproduction numbers, but if estimates of the contingent of the population naturally resistant to the virus, plus those with pre-existing cross-immunity to SARS-CoV-2 were considered, the evaluation of herd immunity thresholds should reach their real and achievable levels.

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CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 conferred by other coronavirus strains and influenza virus

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Potential CD8+ T Cell Cross-Reactivity Against SARS-CoV-2 Conferred by Other Coronavirus Strains

Potential CD8+ T Cell Cross-Reactivity Against SARS-CoV-2 Conferred by Other Coronavirus Strains

Immune cell residency in the nasal mucosa and COVID-19 severity across the age range

Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 through asymptomatic carriers and aerosols: A major public health challenge

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