CD69 upregulation on T cells as an in vitro marker for delayed‐type drug hypersensitivity

Abstract

CD69 upregulation was observed after 2 days in all patients with a positive LTT after 6 days, thus appearing to be a promising tool to identify drug-reactive T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with drug-hypersensitivity reactions.

Association of CD69 and CD 25 Activation Markers on CD4 and CD8 Cells with Skin Tests in Drug Allergy

“…For lymphoproliferative assays, Pichler and Tilch [13] observed that the test could be performed 10 to 20 years after the drug reaction. CD69 upregulation on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients at intervals of 2 months to 12 years after the adverse drug reactions has been demonstrated [14]. In our study, we have analyzed patients who had presented the clinical manifestations 1 to 41 months before testing.…”

“…The results were expressed as normalized mean fluorescence intensities (NMFI), which were calculated by multiplying the percentage of CD69+ or CD25+ positive cells by the mean fluorescence intensity of the markers, according to Beeler et al [14]. Gating on lymphocytes was based on their forward and side scatter parameters, with an aquisition of 10,000 events colleted.…”

“…Stimulation indexes (SI) were calculated by the following formula: NMFI of the culture medium (CM) containing a certain drug concentration divided by NMFI of the CM without the drug. The result was considered to be positive when the SI was equal to or above 2.0, as proposed by Pichler and Tilch [13] and Beeler et al [14].…”

T-cell recognition of chemicals, protein allergens and drugs: towards the development of in vitro assays

“…Alternative in vitro tests are therefore of great interest. For CD69 upregulation, HSA can be used instead of AB serum and cells need to be cultured for only 2-3 days [76]. Alternatively, as used in several studies, cytokines can be measured in the cell culture supernatant: the determination of IL-5 in PBMCs from ten patients with exanthema from amoxicillin showed a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 100% [77].…”

Allergic hypersensitivity to topical and systemic corticosteroids: a review

“…In vitro diagnosis may include the identification of basophil activation/ degranulation and IgEs specific to the drug for IAHS (10,11) and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) for DAHS (12)(13)(14). Biological diagnosis of a DAHS reaction has made significant progress in recent years thanks to the work of Rozie`res et al (12) and Pichler et al (14). These researchers have studied various means of detecting specific T-cells to a given drug (particularly beta-lactam antibiotics).…”