“…DDSs can improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via preventing premature degradation and enhancing uptake, leading to maintain the desirable controlled drug release and reducing side effects by targeting medicine to specified places [1]. Since mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been reported as a drug delivery systems for the first time [2], they became widely popular inorganic nano-carriers in DDSs [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. MSNs have several attractive properties including their straightforward synthesis, large surface area, porous structure, silanol-containing surface that lead to facile functionalization chemistry, chemical and mechanical stability, biocompatibility and low-toxicity [13][14][15].…”
“…DDSs can improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via preventing premature degradation and enhancing uptake, leading to maintain the desirable controlled drug release and reducing side effects by targeting medicine to specified places [1]. Since mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been reported as a drug delivery systems for the first time [2], they became widely popular inorganic nano-carriers in DDSs [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. MSNs have several attractive properties including their straightforward synthesis, large surface area, porous structure, silanol-containing surface that lead to facile functionalization chemistry, chemical and mechanical stability, biocompatibility and low-toxicity [13][14][15].…”
“…Recently, Wang et al took advantage that CD44 antigen is overexpressed in breast cancer stem cells and MDR breast cancer cells [106][107][108]. The data showed that CD44abmodified MSNs increased cytotoxicity and enhanced the downregulation of P-glycoprotein in comparison to CD44 antibody [109]. Flow cytometry assay results showed increased fluorescence for DOX-loaded MSNs (DMSNs) and CD44ab-modified DMSNs in comparison to free DOX.…”
The current approaches used for the treatment of cancer face some clinical limitations such as induction of severe side effects, multidrug resistance (MDR), and low specificity toward metastatic cancer cells. Hybrid nanomaterials hold a great potential to overcome all these challenges. Among hybrid nanoparticles, those based on mesoporous silica and iron oxide nanoparticles (MSNs and IONPs) have gained a privileged place in the biomedical field because of their outstanding properties. There are many studies demonstrating their effectiveness as drug delivery systems, nanoheaters, and imaging contrast agents. This review summarizes the advances related to the utilization of IONPs and MSNs for reducing side effects, overcoming MDR, and inhibiting metastasis. Furthermore, we give a future perspective of the clinical application of these technologies.
“…A significant number of preparations are currently available which contain silica (or silicon oxide). Interestingly, silica appears to have multiple uses regarding the treatment of breast cancer [ 117 , 118 , 119 ], yet in a slightly different chemical form it can be highly toxic [ 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ].…”
Section: Toxicity Of Key Environmental Metalsmentioning
As the use of nanotechnology has expanded, an increased number of metallic oxides have been manufactured, yet toxicology testing has lagged significantly. Metals used in nano-products include titanium, silicon, aluminum, silver, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, antimony, gold, etc. Even the noble metals, platinum and cerium, have been used as a treatment for cancer, but the toxicity of these metals is still unknown. Significant advances have been made in our understanding and treatment of breast cancer, yet millions of women will experience invasive breast cancer in their lifetime. The pathogenesis of breast cancer can involve multiple factors; (1) genetic; (2) environmental; and (3) lifestyle-related factors. This review focuses on exposure to highly toxic metals, (“metalloestrogens” or “endocrine disruptors”) that are used as the metallic foundation for nanoparticle production and are found in a variety of consumer products such as cosmetics, household items, and processed foods, etc. The linkage between well-understood metalloestrogens such as cadmium, the use of these metals in the production of nanoparticles, and the relationship between their potential estrogenic effects and the development of breast cancer will be explored. This will underscore the need for additional testing of materials used in nano-products. Clearly, a significant amount of work needs to be done to further our understanding of these metals and their potential role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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