Abstract:BackgroundExplosive blast trauma occurs by four mechanisms: primary injuries are due to the isolated effect of the blast wave on the human body, secondary injuries are due to damage from fragments energised from the explosion, tertiary injuries result from acceleration of the body against an object or through the explosion energising hard materials in a solid form (not fragments) and encroaching upon the person, and quaternary injuries describe other physical insults, including burns and smoke inhalation 1 .Ga… Show more
“…In real terms, this equates to a small region ~0.1 mm 3 (Zone 1) that may be obviously damaged by the blast, potentially compromising a region 10 times that size in terms of the mechanics. The fact this is not observed throughout the specimen nor affecting the greater surrounding region of this lung volume (100% or full volume) supports the fact that this is a moderate-blast condition and a non-lethal dose (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016).…”
“…Applied blast pressures (Figure 3) were in or below the level of the reported thresholds for lung injury (CR Bass et al, 2008). Previous research on BLI suggested the moderate blast case is survivable with no observable structural damage (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…This moderate case is known to approach the upper bound of survivability in live animals (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016). Therefore, this case was included in this cadaveric study to highlight any tissue changes that may have occurred (tissue stiffness), which are not visibly shown to be damaging, i.e., no hemorrhage, but may cause structural changes potentially visible in the strain fields.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…All other organs were shielded from the blast (head, abdomen and limbs). The efficiency of blast wave isolation to a target region of the specimen has been established previously (Eftaxiopoulou et al, 2015;Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016). The high lung volume was used to replicate the pre-tension of breathing lung tissue during a blast event.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The opening for the specimen is adaptable to account for the small variations in size from animal to animal. The blast wave is isolated to the thorax alone and shielded distal to the thorax, leading to a repeatable loading conditions (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016). Sensors 2 and 3 were installed on the loading platform above and below the incident blast pressure loading site of the specimen.…”
This study focuses on microstructural changes that occur within the mammalian lung when subject to blast and how these changes influence strain distributions within the tissue. Shock tube experiments were performed to generate the blast injured specimens (cadaveric Sprague-Dawley rats). Blast overpressures of 100 and 180 kPa were studied. Synchrotron tomography imaging was used to capture volumetric image data of lungs. Specimens were ventilated using a custom-built system to study multiple inflation pressures during each tomography scan. These data enabled the first digital volume correlation (DVC) measurements in lung tissue to be performed. Quantitative analysis was performed to describe the damaged architecture of the lung. No clear changes in the microstructure of the tissue morphology were observed due to controlled low-to moderate-level blast exposure. However, significant focal sites of injury were observed using DVC, which allowed the detection of bias and concentration in the patterns of strain level. Morphological analysis corroborated the findings, illustrating that the focal damage caused by a blast can give rise to diffuse influence across the tissue. It is important to characterize the non-instantly fatal doses of blast, given the transient nature of blast lung in the clinical setting. This research has highlighted the need for better understanding of focal injury and its zone of influence (alveolar interdependency and neighboring tissue burden as a result of focal injury). DVC techniques show great promise as a tool to advance this endeavor, providing a new perspective on lung mechanics after blast.
“…In real terms, this equates to a small region ~0.1 mm 3 (Zone 1) that may be obviously damaged by the blast, potentially compromising a region 10 times that size in terms of the mechanics. The fact this is not observed throughout the specimen nor affecting the greater surrounding region of this lung volume (100% or full volume) supports the fact that this is a moderate-blast condition and a non-lethal dose (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016).…”
“…Applied blast pressures (Figure 3) were in or below the level of the reported thresholds for lung injury (CR Bass et al, 2008). Previous research on BLI suggested the moderate blast case is survivable with no observable structural damage (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…This moderate case is known to approach the upper bound of survivability in live animals (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016). Therefore, this case was included in this cadaveric study to highlight any tissue changes that may have occurred (tissue stiffness), which are not visibly shown to be damaging, i.e., no hemorrhage, but may cause structural changes potentially visible in the strain fields.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…All other organs were shielded from the blast (head, abdomen and limbs). The efficiency of blast wave isolation to a target region of the specimen has been established previously (Eftaxiopoulou et al, 2015;Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016). The high lung volume was used to replicate the pre-tension of breathing lung tissue during a blast event.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The opening for the specimen is adaptable to account for the small variations in size from animal to animal. The blast wave is isolated to the thorax alone and shielded distal to the thorax, leading to a repeatable loading conditions (Barnett-Vanes et al, 2016). Sensors 2 and 3 were installed on the loading platform above and below the incident blast pressure loading site of the specimen.…”
This study focuses on microstructural changes that occur within the mammalian lung when subject to blast and how these changes influence strain distributions within the tissue. Shock tube experiments were performed to generate the blast injured specimens (cadaveric Sprague-Dawley rats). Blast overpressures of 100 and 180 kPa were studied. Synchrotron tomography imaging was used to capture volumetric image data of lungs. Specimens were ventilated using a custom-built system to study multiple inflation pressures during each tomography scan. These data enabled the first digital volume correlation (DVC) measurements in lung tissue to be performed. Quantitative analysis was performed to describe the damaged architecture of the lung. No clear changes in the microstructure of the tissue morphology were observed due to controlled low-to moderate-level blast exposure. However, significant focal sites of injury were observed using DVC, which allowed the detection of bias and concentration in the patterns of strain level. Morphological analysis corroborated the findings, illustrating that the focal damage caused by a blast can give rise to diffuse influence across the tissue. It is important to characterize the non-instantly fatal doses of blast, given the transient nature of blast lung in the clinical setting. This research has highlighted the need for better understanding of focal injury and its zone of influence (alveolar interdependency and neighboring tissue burden as a result of focal injury). DVC techniques show great promise as a tool to advance this endeavor, providing a new perspective on lung mechanics after blast.
Purpose
Blast lung injury (BLI) is the most common damage resulted from explosion-derived shock wave in military, terrorism and industrial accidents. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BLI induced by shock wave are still unclear.
Methods
In this study, a goat BLI model was established by a fuel air explosive power. The key genes involved in were identified. The goats of the experimental group were fixed on the edge of the explosion cloud, while the goats of the control group were 3 km far away from the explosive environment. After successful modeling for 24 h, all the goats were sacrificed and the lung tissue was harvested for histopathological observation and RNA sequencing. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to identify the main enriched biological functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the consistency of gene expression.
Results
Of the sampled goat lungs, 895 genes were identified to be significantly differentially expressed, and they were involved in 52 significantly enriched GO categories. KEGG analysis revealed that DEGs were highly enriched in 26 pathways, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, antifolate resistance, arachidonic acid metabolism, amoebiasis and bile secretion, JAK-STAT, and IL-17 signaling pathway. Furthermore, 15 key DEGs involved in the biological processes of BLI were confirmed by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with RNA sequencing.
Conclusion
Gene expression profiling provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of BLI, which will help to set strategy for treating lung injury and preventing secondary lung injury induced by shock wave.
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