CD40 ligand (CD154) and tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (Apo‐2L) in haematological malignancies

Deletion of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in murine B lymphocytes constitutively activates cell survival pathways and inactivates the germinal center response

“…39,40 Consistent with this is the fact that NF-B activation, a major outcome of both BAFF-R and CD40 signaling, is commonly associated with many B-lineage tumors, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 41 Hodgkin lymphoma, 42 and MM. 43 The highlevel activation of the alternative NF-B pathway and extended BAFF-R-independent survival of TRAF2-, TRAF3-, and cIAP1/ cIAP2-deficient B cells indicates that they are all strong candidates for tumor suppressor proteins within the B-lymphocyte lineage.…”

Clinical implications of the tumor necrosis factor family in benign and malignant hematologic disorders

“…102,103 TRAIL has a wide range of activity against human primary tumor cells and cell lines. 104 In tumors of hematologic origin, TRAIL's strongest killing activity is observed in Jurkat (T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/ leukemia) and 8226 (multiple myeloma) cell lines. 105 In these cell lines, the activity of TRAIL was comparable with that of FasL.…”

“…Several mechanisms of resistance to TRAIL have been reported in different cell lines, including TRAIL receptor mutations, cFLIP overexpression, caspase-8 deficiency, Bax deficiency, Bcl-2 overexpression, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family overexpression, NF-B activation, protein kinase C activation, constitutive ERK 1/2 and AKT expression, and 98,104,[122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] hypermethylation of the caspase-8 gene. TRAIL can be expressed aberrantly by tumor cells, including myeloid, lymphoid, breast, and brain tumor cells.…”

Prognostic Value of CD40 in Adult Soft Tissue Sarcomas

“…It is also expressed on keratinocytes, the basal layer of the nasopharynx, gastrointestinal and bronchial mucosa, and several exocrine glands such as the salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands, and pancreas (3). Its receptor, CD40L, is a type II membrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family and is predominantly expressed on CD4 ϩ CD3 ϩ T cells, CD56 ϩ CD3 Ϫ natural killer cells and platelets (4). The CD40-CD40L interaction has been primarily implicated in B cells proliferation, growth, and differentiation and in the T-dependent humoral immune responses (4), but recent studies have highlighted its role in other immunity functions such as the stimulation of production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor ␣, interleukin 8, and interleukin 12) from macrophages and dendritic cells (3).…”