“…Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and epigenetic modulators, such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, can induce CD40 expression on melanoma cells [ 27 , 28 ]. Importantly, the induction of CD40 on cancer cells, but not normal cells, promotes apoptotic and/or necrotic signaling, which results in the cell death of renal cell carcinoma [ 29 ], urothelial cell carcinoma [ 30 ], ovarian carcinoma [ 31 , 32 ], cervical carcinoma [ 33 ] and bladder carcinoma [ 34 ]. Besides the direct cytotoxic effects in cancer cells, the ligation of CD40 on human melanoma cells also modulates tumor immunogenicity through upregulation of the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the production of proinflammatory factors (e.g., IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα, etc.)…”