CD4 T Cells Are the Only Lymphocytes Needed To Protect Mice against Rotavirus Shedding after Intranasal Immunization with a Chimeric VP6 Protein and the Adjuvant LT(R192G)

Virus-specific intestinal IFN-γ producing T cell responses induced by human rotavirus infection and vaccines are correlated with protection against rotavirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs

“…Our study demonstrated a direct correlation between the existence of extralymphoid IFN-γ producing T cells and protection at the site of virus entry (intestine). In studies of mice, intestinal IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells were suggested to be the only lymphocytes required for protection against rotavirus infection after the mice were immunized with a chimeric VP6 vaccine using attenuated E. coli labile toxin as an adjuvant [15,28,46,47]. Their data and ours collectively emphasize the role of intestinal IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells as correlates of rotavirus protective immunity, possibly more important than CD8+ T cells.…”

“…Also in studies of adult mice, CD4+ T cells were shown to be the only lymphocytes needed to protect mice against rotavirus infection after the mice were vaccinated with VP6 peptide vaccines [15,16]. Despite a large number of studies on the role of T cells in mediating protection against rotavirus infection in adult mice with various gene knockouts (protection against disease cannot be assessed in the adult mice model) [14][15][16][17][18], limited data is available on T cell immune responses to rotavirus in humans [19,20] or other out-bred native hosts, i.e. calves and pigs [21][22][23].…”

Distribution and phenotype of murine rotavirus-specific B cells induced by intranasal immunization with 2/6 virus-like particles

“…Thus, the secondary fecal Ab response observed in this model may be the consequence of a higher secondary systemic response. In this case, since anti-VP2 and anti-VP6 Ab are non-neutralizing, their role in protection should be limited, and other effectors, such as CD4 T cells, may be important for protection as shown recently by McNeal et al [29] after i.n. immunization of BALB/c mice with a chimeric protein VP6, a model which has some similarities with our model.…”

Mice Develop Effective but Delayed Protective Immune Responses When Immunized as Neonates either Intranasally with Nonliving VP6/LT(R192G) or Orally with Live Rhesus Rotavirus Vaccine Candidates

“…The mechanisms by which VP6/LT(R192G) elicits protection appear to differ from those for live virus immunization in this model. That is, protection is reduced after live virus immunization of B-cell-deficient mice (27,42) but is fully retained for extended times after mucosal immunization with VP6/LT(R192G) (48).…”