CD4+ T Cell Clones Producing both Interferon-γ and Interleukin-10 Predominate in Bronchoalveolar Lavages of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Cytokine gene-modulated dendritic cells protect against allergic airway inflammation by inducing IL-10+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells

“…[33][34][35] Actually, IL-10 + CD4 + regulatory cells with a Th1 cell phenotype were described in several infections, including murine Mycobacterium avium and Brucella abortus, as well as in shortterm T-cell clones derived from patients with M. tuberculosis. [36][37][38] However, whether such IL-10 + IFN-g + double-positive T cells as described in these infection models can be defined as Treg or Th1 cells remains to be determined.…”

Stat4-dependent, T-bet-independent regulation of IL-10 in NK cells

“…[39][40][41][42] Other reports indicate a direct role for IL-12 induction of IL-10 expression in vivo. Clinical administrations of recombinant human IL-12 to cancer patients resulted in elevated plasma levels of IL-10 but decreased IFN-g. 21 The biological significance of IL-10 and IFN-g coexpression in NK or T-cell subsets is not clear but has been suggested to be part of a feedback mechanism during infection to restrict inflammatory responses perhaps at specific tissues sites.…”

ICOS cooperates with CD28, IL‐2, and IFN‐γ and modulates activation of human naïve CD4+ T cells

“…It is noteworthy that secretion of both IL-10 and IFN-c is typical of Tr1 [43]. Moreover, ICOS induced expression of TGF-b1 and FoxP3, typical of naturally occurring CD4 + CD25 + Treg, together with expression of IL-10 [21,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. Intriguingly, expression of TGF-b1 and FoxP3 was induced at substantial levels, even by stimulation of CD3+ICOS in the absence of the support given by CD28 triggering or exogenous IL-2, when minimal levels of most cytokines were induced.…”

“…A different point is the effect of ICOS on induction of naïve CD4 + T cells toward Treg, which is relevant to the question whether Treg are generated from naïve T cells or Th1 and Th2 cells that have undergone chronic stimulation [21,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. This possibility is suggested by the finding that ICOS costimulates secretion of IL-10, particularly in the presence of high levels of IL-2 and in the absence of IFN-c.…”