CD4+ Lymphocyte Count in African Patients Co-infected with HIV and Tuberculosis

Martin, Des; Sim, John; Sole, Gabriella; Rymer, L.; Shalekoff, Sharon; Niekerk, A. B. N. van; Becker, Pedro; Weilbach, C. N.; Iwanik, J.; Keddy, Karen H.; Miller, G. B.; Özbay, Bülent; Ryan, Amanda; Viscovic, T.; Woolf, Mervyn

doi:10.1097/00042560-199504000-00010

Cited by 70 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…PBMC samples were obtained from women at high risk for HIV infection who were enrolled in an HIV-seronegative cohort in Mombasa, Kenya (16). All women consented to research.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Usually Dominated by the Major Variants Found in Blood

Chohan

Emerman

Overbaugh

2007

J Virol

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The isolation of primary strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an invaluable tool for assessing properties of viruses replicating in HIV-infected subjects. A common method for obtaining a primary isolate is coculture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-infected subjects with PBMCs from uninfected donors. However, such in vitro expansion may disturb the composition (identities and relative proportions of constituting viral species) of the original viral population. We developed a GeneScan assay to monitor HIV populations by detecting variants that differ in the length of the V1/V2 coding region of the envelope gene. This assay was used to compare proviral DNAs from the PBMCs of eight subjects to the corresponding primary isolates. Major variants found in uncultured PBMCs usually persisted during culturing, while the minor variants frequently disappeared, resulting in a reduction in viral diversity. The outgrowth of the initial (2 to 4 days) viral population appeared to be determined by random events. However, subsequent changes in the population were deterministic, and as a result, the compositions of primary isolates from parallel cultures were often very similar. For two of three subjects studied, the source of HIV-negative PBMCs had little effect on the composition of primary isolates, while for the third subject donor-dependent effects were observed. Overall, our results show that most primary isolates accurately represent the major viruses found in a subject's blood and that rapid population-based genotyping methods are useful for detecting isolates with perturbed viral populations.

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“…PBMC samples were obtained from women at high risk for HIV infection who were enrolled in an HIV-seronegative cohort in Mombasa, Kenya (16). All women consented to research.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Usually Dominated by the Major Variants Found in Blood

Chohan

Emerman

Overbaugh

2007

J Virol

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“…Treatment of co-infected patients poses another difficulty. In [39], the effects of HIV-1/Mtb co-infection on CD4 + T-cell counts for patients treated for TB were measured. These data showed a pronounced initial CD4 + T-cell deficit in co-infected individuals following TB treatment, and a slower increase in CD4 + T-cell counts for co-infected patients as compared to those infected with TB alone.…”

Section: The Role Of Hiv-1 In Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of HIV-1 Infection on Latent Tuberculosis

Bauer

Hogue

Marino

et al. 2008

Math. Model. Nat. Phenom.

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Abstract. Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death due to infectious diseases in the world today, and it is increasing due to co-infection with HIV-1, the causative agent of AIDS. Here, we examine the impact that HIV-1 infection has on persons with latent tuberculosis. Based on previous work, we develop a mathematical model of an adaptive immune response in the lung which considers relevant immune effectors such as macrophages, various sub-populations of T-cells, and key cytokines to predict which mechanisms are important to HIV-1 infection induced reactivation of tuberculosis. Our results indicate that persons latently infected with TB who are subsequently co-infected with HIV-1 will suffer reactive TB. The mechanisms that contribute to this are essentially related to a completely different cytokine environment at the onset of HIV-1 infection due to the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our analysis suggests that macrophages play an important role during co-infection and decreases in macrophage counts are coupled to a decline in CD4 + T-cells and increased viral loads. These mechanisms are also coupled to lower recruitment of T-cells and macrophages, compromising protective immunity in the lung and eventually leading to TB reactivation. These results point to potential targets for drug and vaccine therapies.

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“…Other published designs of impedance cytometers (1,(61)(62)(63)(64) have not endeavored to reduce costs or to integrate them with other LOC analysis modules, which has limited their use for POC diagnostics in limited resource settings. Our high-throughput, ultra-low-cost, and label-free version of the classic Coulter counter constantly monitors and measures the a.c. electrical properties of particles in suspension passing through a focusing micropore (40 μm) designed in our disposable microfluidic biochip.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional, inexpensive, and reusable nanoparticle-printed biochip for cell manipulation and diagnosis

Esfandyarpour

DiDonato

Yang

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Isolation and characterization of rare cells and molecules from a heterogeneous population is of critical importance in diagnosis of common lethal diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, and cancer. For the developing world, point-of-care (POC) diagnostics design must account for limited funds, modest public health infrastructure, and low power availability. To address these challenges, here we integrate microfluidics, electronics, and inkjet printing to build an ultra-low-cost, rapid, and miniaturized lab-ona-chip (LOC) platform. This platform can perform label-free and rapid single-cell capture, efficient cellular manipulation, rare-cell isolation, selective analytical separation of biological species, sorting, concentration, positioning, enumeration, and characterization. The miniaturized format allows for small sample and reagent volumes. By keeping the electronics separate from microfluidic chips, the former can be reused and device lifetime is extended. Perhaps most notably, the device manufacturing is significantly less expensive, timeconsuming, and complex than traditional LOC platforms, requiring only an inkjet printer rather than skilled personnel and clean-room facilities. Production only takes 20 min (vs. up to weeks) and $0.01-an unprecedented cost in clinical diagnostics. The platform works based on intrinsic physical characteristics of biomolecules (e.g., size and polarizability). We demonstrate biomedical applications and verify cell viability in our platform, whose multiplexing and integration of numerous steps and external analyses enhance its application in the clinic, including by nonspecialists. Through its massive cost reduction and usability we anticipate that our platform will enable greater access to diagnostic facilities in developed countries as well as POC diagnostics in resource-poor and developing countries.lab on a chip | point of care | diagnostics | nanoparticles | microfluidics

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CD4+ Lymphocyte Count in African Patients Co-infected with HIV and Tuberculosis

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

Primary Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Usually Dominated by the Major Variants Found in Blood

Primary Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Usually Dominated by the Major Variants Found in Blood

The Effects of HIV-1 Infection on Latent Tuberculosis

Multifunctional, inexpensive, and reusable nanoparticle-printed biochip for cell manipulation and diagnosis

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