CD4 and IL-2 mediated NK cell responses after COVID-19 infection and mRNA vaccination in adults

Alhajjat, Amir M.; Redden, Catherine; Langereis, Morgan; Papastefan, Steven; Ito, Joy A.S.; Ott, Katherine; Turner, Lucas; Kang, HeeKap K.; Shaaban, Aimen F.

doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152304

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…42 In our study, a positive correlation between RBD-induced IFNγ in NK and CD4 + T cells was also observed, in support of a cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2. This is in line with a recent study 43 showing that the increased frequency of activated, CD69 + NK cells in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals after stimulation with spike protein, was CD4 + T cell dependent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In our study, a positive correlation between RBD‐induced IFNγ in NK and CD4 + T cells was also observed, in support of a cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2. This is in line with a recent study 43 showing that the increased frequency of activated, CD69 + NK cells in SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccinated individuals after stimulation with spike protein, was CD4 + T cell dependent. Interestingly, a study in oncohematological patients showed that low serological responses to BNT162b2 vaccine was associated with reduced NK cell levels, indicating that NK cells play an active role in immune responses to vaccines 44 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Mele,

Ottolini,

Lombardi

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Natural Killer (NK) cells play a significant role in the early defense against virus infections and cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of NK cells in both the induction and effector phases of vaccine‐induced immunity in various contexts. However, their role in shaping immune responses following SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination remains poorly understood. To address this matter, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of NK cell phenotype and function in SARS‐CoV‐2 unexposed individuals who received the BNT162b2 vaccine. We employed a longitudinal study design and utilized a panel of 53 15‐mer overlapping peptides covering the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein to assess NK cell function at 0 and 20 days following the first vaccine, and 30 and 240 days following booster. Additionally, we evaluated the levels of total IgG anti‐Spike antibodies and their potential neutralizing ability. Our findings revealed an increased NK cell activity upon re‐exposure to RBD when combined with IL12 and IL18 several months after booster. Concurrently, we observed that the frequencies of NKG2A + NK cells declined over the course of the follow‐up period, while NKG2C increased only in CMV positive subjects. The finding that NK cell functions are inducible 9 months after vaccination upon re‐exposure to RBD and cytokines, sheds light on the role of NK cells in contributing to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine‐induced immune protection and pave the way to further studies in the field.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Mele,

Ottolini,

Lombardi

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This reaction is related to T cells, SARS-COV-2 specificity, and the number of CD4+T cells; Moreover, interleukin (IL-2) is an important mediator that affects the function of NK cells. [4] The MHC I (major histocompatibility complex class I) molecule in normal body tissue cells binds to the killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor (KIR) on the surface of NK cells, labeling healthy cells as "self" and generating inhibitory signals to prevent NK cells from killing their own healthy cells. [2] In addition, NK cells play an equally important role in immune balance regulation.…”

Section: The Role Of Nk Cell Immune Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discuss and Envision the Immunotherapy Potential based on NK Cell to Treat COVID-19

Meng

2024

IJBLS

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Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by SARS-COV-2, has posed a tremendous threat to humans and public health worldwide. When faced with viral infection, our immune systems need to achieve a precise balance to eliminate the pathogen. In most cases, however, this balance is disturbed and then further distorted by viral infection. As an indispensable part in innate immune system, NK cells play a pivotal role in immune defense, immune surveillance, and immune homeostasis. Furthermore, NK cells showcase an effective capability of lysing virally infected cells and regulating immune responses. It has been demonstrated that COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms manifest a reduction in NK cell number as well as its function, which contributes to decreased clearance of infected cells. Restoration of NK cells have the potential to calibrate this delicate balance entailed to eliminate SARS-COV-2 infection. Based on current clinical studies, the immunopathologies of COVID-19 patients are summarized in this article. In addition, NK cell immune responses to COVID-19, factors concerning the immune responses of NK cell, and relevant feasible immunotherapies are also reviewed.

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Comparing population-level humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-Cov-2 in Bangalore, India

Malani,

Aiyar,

Sant

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Two types of immunity, humoral and cellular, offer protection against COVID. Humoral protection, contributed by circulating neutralizing antibodies, can provide immediate protection but decays more quickly than cellular immunity and can lose effectiveness in the face of mutation and drift in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Therefore, population-level seroprevalence surveys used to estimate population-level immunity may underestimate the degree to which a population is protected against COVID. In early 2021, before India began its vaccination campaign, we tested for humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-Cov-2 in representative samples of slum and non-slum populations in Bangalore, India. We found that 29.7% of samples (unweighted) had IgG antibodies to the spike protein and 15.5% had neutralizing antibodies, but at up to 46% showed evidence of cellular immunity. We also find that prevalence of cellular immunity is significantly higher in slums than in non-slums. These findings suggest (1) that a significantly larger proportion of the population in Bangalore, India, had cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 than had humoral immunity, as measured by serological surveys, and (2) that low socio-economic status communities display higher frequency of cellular immunity, likely because of greater exposure to infection due to population density.

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CD4 and IL-2 mediated NK cell responses after COVID-19 infection and mRNA vaccination in adults

Cited by 4 publications

References 58 publications

Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Discuss and Envision the Immunotherapy Potential based on NK Cell to Treat COVID-19

Comparing population-level humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-Cov-2 in Bangalore, India

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