In this study, we have investigated the role of endoglin (CD105), a regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-b 1 signalling on endothelial cells, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in cervical cancer. We have measured the number and determined the location of both newly formed (CD105-positive) and the overall number of (CD31-positive) blood vessels, and bFGF and VEGF-A expression using immunohistochemistry in 30 cervical carcinoma specimens. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A mRNA expression was determined using RNA-in situ hybridisation. CD105-and CD31-positive vessels and bFGF-and VEGF-A-positive cells were predominantly present in the stroma. The presence of CD105-and CD31-positive vessels in the stroma did neither correlate with the number of VEGF-A-positive cells nor the number of bFGF-positive cells. However, the number of CD105-and CD31-positive vessels was associated with the expression of VEGF-A mRNA in the epithelial cell clusters (P ¼ 0.013 and P ¼ 0.005, respectively). The presence of CD105-positive and CD31-positive vessels was associated with the expression of avb6 (a TGF-b 1 activator; P ¼ 0.013 and P ¼ 0.006, respectively). Clinically, the number of CD105-positive vessels associated with the number of lymph node metastasis (Po0.001). Furthermore, the presence of CD105-positive vessels within the epithelial cell clusters associated with poor disease-free survival (P ¼ 0.007).