Cd, Cu, and Zn Accumulations Caused by Long-Term Fertilization in Greenhouse Soils and Their Potential Risk Assessment

Abstract

The intense management practices in greenhouse production may lead to heavy metal (HM) accumulations in soils. To determine the accumulation characteristics of HM and to evaluate possible HM sources in greenhouse soils, thirty typical greenhouse soil samples were collected in Shouguang District, Shandong Province, China. The results indicate that the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations are, respectively, 164.8%, 78.6%, and 123.9% higher than their background values. In the study area, Cd exhibits certain characteristics, such as wide variations in the proportion of its exchangeable form and the highest mobility factor and geo-accumulation index, which are indicative of its high bioavailability and environmental risk. In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between pairs of Cd, P, soil organic carbon, and cultivation age. Combined with principal component analysis, the results indicate the clear effects that agricultural activities have on Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation. However, Cr, Ni, and Pb have a significant correlation with soil Fe and Al (hydr)-oxides, which indicates that these metals mainly originate from parent materials. This research indicated that long-term intensive fertilization (especially the application of chemical fertilizers and livestock manure) leads to Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation in greenhouse soils in Shouguang. And the time required to reach the maximum permeable limit in agricultural soils for Cd, Cu, and Zn is 23, 51, and 42 years, respectively, based on their current increasing rates.

Metal Concentrations in Grape Spirits

“…The result obtained for the non-alcoholic drinks were totally in conformance with the standard maximum limit (0.055 ppm). The incidences of cadmium contaminations are mostly from industrial activity, air readily taken up by plants, water used for irrigation, smoking and or the presence of cadmium in fertilizers (Liao et al, 2019). Our study findings indicate Cd levels lower than those of a study obtained by Iwegbue et al (2014) who observed mean concentrations of 0.01 to 0.04 μg/mL while Okareh et al (2018) observed Cd levels ranging from 60 to 70 µg/L in distilled alcoholic beverages and liquors in Nigeria.…”

Pesticides Bioaccumulation and Their Soil Pollutant Effect

“…Increasing Zn concentration during second sampling dates within greenhouse soil was noticed to be higher, which were closely related to the pollutants in irrigation water especially during using wastewater directly for irrigation, agricultural soil fertilizers, and used pesticides. These results are in accordance with recent studies (44,22). Although an enrichment of soils with Zn has been reported when these materials were used during long-term repeated additions, after the abandonment of agricultural applications and remaining trace metals in the soil (30).…”

“…The concentration of Cr in the greenhouse soils exceed the concentrations in the background soils, which, indicated that greenhouse cultivation and application of pesticides and livestock manure had a significant effect on the concentrations of Cr in irrigated soil (5). Recent study reported that parent rocks mainly determine Cr concentrations in greenhouse soil fields (22). The total Ni concentration in studied soil was ranged between (181.1±3.14 to 187±3.39 g/kg), the highest value was (214 g/kg) recorded during September at site 7, and the lowest value recorded (155 g/kg) in site 9 during March (Figure 7).…”

Presence of Arsenic in Potential Sources of Drinking Water Supply Located in a Mineralized and Mined Area of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico

“…In the PCA, the eigenvalues and variances were determined to establish principal components (PCs). With PCA diagrams, it is possible to observe the interaction between the variables and samples; a grouping of samples suggests a common source [52].…”