The cone penetration test (CPT) is widely used for in situ characterization of saturated or dry soils based on correlations developed for saturated/dry conditions. However, no methods currently exist for interpretation of CPT data in unsaturated soils. This study advances both experimental and theoretical bases for interpretation of CPT data in unsaturated soils. In particular, a calibration chamber has been designed and constructed to perform laboratory controlled cone penetration tests in unsaturated soils. The chamber allows the independent application of lateral and vertical pressures to an unsaturated soil specimen while suction is controlled using the axis translation technique. A unique feature of the chamber includes the specimen formation system, enabling dry pluviation, static or dynamic compaction to be used. The results of cone penetration tests conducted on saturated and unsaturated sand specimens are presented and the significant contribution of suction to cone penetration resistance is highlighted. In addition, a novel solution procedure for the problem of cavity expansion in finite soil media has been developed which enables evaluation of chamber boundary effects and the extension of CPT results from chambers to free field conditions. It is possible to use hardening/softening elastic-plastic constitutive models formulated in the critical state framework in the analysis for the first time. A simple method is then presented which enables either: i) the contribution of suction to the effective stress (s) in an unsaturated sand to be estimated when results of CPTs are available for both saturated and unsaturated ground conditions; ii) an equivalent saturated cone penetration resistance to be determined from a value measured for unsaturated conditions, provided that s is known for the unsaturated conditions, permitting the use of established charts to estimate strength and stiffness parameters. Established CPT correlations for sands are extended to account for influences of suction. The extended correlations enable direct characterization of an unsaturated sand from CPT results provided the contribution of suction to effective stress (s) is known. It is shown that failing to account for s in the mean (or vertical) effective stress when interpreting CPT results may result in significant and non-conservative misrepresentations in estimated sand parameters. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applica...