Cavity-enhanced optical detection of carbon nanotube Brownian motion

Stapfner, Sebastian; Ost, Lukas; Hunger, David; Reichel, Jakob; Favero, Iván; Weig, Eva M.

doi:10.1063/1.4802746

Cited by 66 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…For example, it was shown that a fiberbased optical microcavity can resolve the thermal motion of carbon nanotubes [11]. Another successful sensing scheme consists in introducing nanomechanical resonators in the near field of optical whispering-gallery-mode resonators.…”

Section: Laser Interferometry and Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring and imaging nanomechanical motion with laser light

Barg¹,

Tsaturyan²,

Belhage³

et al. 2016

Appl. Phys. B

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We discuss several techniques based on laser-driven interferometers and cavities to measure nanomechanical motion. With increasing complexity, they achieve sensitivities reaching from thermal displacement amplitudes, typically at the picometer scale, all the way to the quantum regime, in which radiation pressure induces motion correlated with the quantum fluctuations of the probing light. We show that an imaging modality is readily provided by scanning laser interferometry, reaching a sensitivity on the order of $$10\, {\mathrm {fm/Hz^{1/2}}}$$ 10 fm / Hz 1 / 2 , and a transverse resolution down to $$2\,\upmu {\hbox {m}}$$ 2 μ m . We compare this approach with a less versatile, but faster (single-shot) dark-field imaging technique.

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Section: Laser Interferometry and Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring and imaging nanomechanical motion with laser light

Barg¹,

Tsaturyan²,

Belhage³

et al. 2016

Appl. Phys. B

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“…5.5a is formed between the end facets of two glass fibers acting as cavity mirrors. These micro cavities are employed in several optomechanics experiments [43,[52][53][54]. The following description refers to the specific setup employed in Refs.…”

Section: Fiber-based Fabry-perot Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following description refers to the specific setup employed in Refs. [43,52,53]. In order to optimize both the optical cavity mode as well as the detected cavity transmission T , the input fiber consists of a single mode fiber whereas the output fiber is a multi mode fiber with a larger core.…”

Section: Fiber-based Fabry-perot Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Resonators in the Middle of an Optical Cavity

Favero¹,

Sankey²,

Weig³

2014

Cavity Optomechanics

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The interaction of light with mechanical motion has generated a burst of interest in recent years [1][2][3][4] from fundamental questions on the quantum motion of solid objects to novel engineering concepts for sensing and optical devices. This interest was originally inspired by experimental geometries in which a mechanically compliant object acts as the back mirror of Fabry-Perot cavity. In order to maintain a stable, high-finesse cavity with this geometry, the mechanical element's transverse dimensions must be larger than the photon's wavelength and its thickness sufficient to create an appreciable reflectivity. This places a lower bound on the mass of the mechanical object, limiting the effect of individual photons. Here we explore a complementary set of geometries in which a nanomechanical element or a very thin membrane is positioned within a high-finesse, rigid optical cavity. This geometry (inspired by the success of cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments with atoms) extends Fabry-Perot-based optomechanics to smaller / sub-wavelength mechanical elements. The added complexity associated with inserting a third (movable) scatterer also affords a new set of opportunities: in addition to reproducing the physics of a two-mirror optomechanical system, several "non-standard" types of linear and non-linear optomechanical couples can be generated. Combined with the diverse set of comparatively lightweight mechanical elements that can be inserted into a cavity, this geometry offers a high degree of optomechanical versatility for potential sensing and quantum information applications.

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“…20,21 The high-bandwidth readout allows measuring with a large Dx, outside of the mechanical bandwidth. Undriven motion such as thermal motion, 22 zero-point motion, and self-sustained oscillation through single-electron tunneling 3,23 can now be investigated because the mechanical motion can be probed without driving it. Finally, mass sensing experiments 1 can be performed with significantly faster time resolution, opening up the possibility of probing phenomena such as the diffusion of adsorbates on the mechanical resonator.…”

Section: -2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Submicrosecond-timescale readout of carbon nanotube mechanical motion

Meerwaldt

Johnston

Zant

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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We report fast readout of the motion of a carbon nanotube mechanical resonator. A close-proximity high electron mobility transistor amplifier is used to increase the bandwidth of the measurement of nanotube displacements from the kHz to the MHz regime. Using an electrical detection scheme with the nanotube acting as a mixer, we detect the amplitude of its mechanical motion at room temperature with an intermediate frequency of 6 MHz and a timeconstant of 780 ns, both up to five orders of magnitude faster than achieved before. The transient response of the mechanical motion indicates a ring-down time faster than our enhanced time resolution, placing an upper bound on the contribution of energy relaxation processes to the room temperature mechanical quality factor. and exhibit nonlinear damping 5 and modal interaction. 6,7 A significant challenge for CNT nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is the high electrical impedance of the CNT, which makes it difficult to read out its mechanical motion electrically at the resonance frequency of 100 MHz or higher.One approach to measure high-frequency mechanical resonances in such high-impedance devices involves decreasing the frequency at which the mechanical signal is detected by using the CNT itself as a mixer. The signal can be read out straightforwardly by down-mixing it to several kHz through two-source mixing techniques, 8-11 through frequencymodulation mixing 12 or by rectifying it to dc. 13 While such solutions solve part of the problem by shifting the signal down to low frequencies, a disadvantage is that the measurement bandwidth, i.e., the time resolution with which the mechanical amplitude can be followed, is still restricted by the high electrical impedance. Typically, the time resolution in such experiments is limited to $100 ms.A second approach involves connecting the highimpedance device to a low-impedance amplifier.14,15 Doing so, a high bandwidth is achieved, but the signal is decreased by the ratio of the impedances, typically a factor of 1000. Using this approach, long averaging times are required to detect the mechanical signal. In this letter, we achieve a high readout bandwidth without sacrificing the amplitude of the signal by placing a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) amplifier with a high input impedance 16 only millimeters from the device. Doing so, we enhance the measurement bandwidth of the CNT mechanical mixer by five orders of magnitude, achieving single-shot detection of the CNT motion at submicrosecond timescales.A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a typical device is shown in Figure 1(a). Devices are made on an oxidized high resistivity silicon wafer with a local gate to excite the mechanical motion and minimize capacitive crosstalk to the source and drain electron. Fabrication of the CNT resonators takes place as follows. First, 50 nm of tungsten is deposited onto the substrate by sputtering. Local gates are defined in the tungsten with SF 6 /He dry etching, after which they are covered with 200 nm of silicon oxide using ...

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Cavity-enhanced optical detection of carbon nanotube Brownian motion

Cited by 66 publications

References 40 publications

Measuring and imaging nanomechanical motion with laser light

Measuring and imaging nanomechanical motion with laser light

Mechanical Resonators in the Middle of an Optical Cavity

Submicrosecond-timescale readout of carbon nanotube mechanical motion

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