“…These processes can cause intensity-clamping, which stops the intensity from exceeding I $ 10 13 Wcm À2 [37], and limits the number of reactive species available for reduction [20]. In contrast, tight-focusing (high-NA) geometries, simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) [71], or spatial beam-shaping [72] can avoid excessive filamentation and intensity clamping. In Au nanoparticle synthesis, tight-focusing [14,16,18] and SSTF [15,19,20], where the frequency components of the laser pulse are spatially separated prior to focusing, have both been used for this purpose.…”